Extreme Light Infrastructure ELI Autumn 2008 NuPECC Glasgow 3-4/10/2008 Gérard A. MOUROU Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée – LOA ENSTA – Ecole Polytechnique – CNRS PALAISEAU, France gerard.mourou@ensta.fr i am going to present you some recent works on the production of x-ray radiation using laser produced plasmas. I am from the PXF group at LOA in france and our goal is to produced bright femtosecond x-ray sources and use these source to do applications in the so called ultrafastx-ray Science. Recently, thanks to the advent of high intensity lasers it is possible to generate energetic, very collimated, and short pulses electrons beams. I will show you one way to use these electron to produce femtosecond x-ray beams.

The different Epochs of Laser Physics 2010 ELI Nonlinear QED and Epoch 1990 RelativisticEpoch 1960 Coulombic Epoch

“Optics Horizon” This field does not seem to have natural limits, only horizon.

Why should we build an Extreme Light Infrastructure?

Science (1 july 2005) “100 questions spanning the science…” 1) Is ours the only universe? 2) What drove cosmic inflation? 3) When and how did the first stars and galaxies form? 4) Where do ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays come from? 5) What powers quasars? 6) What is the nature of black holes? 7) Why is there more matter than antimatter? 8) Does the proton decay? 9)What is the nature of gravity? 10) Why is time different from other dimensions? 11) Are there smaller building blocks than quarks? 12) Are neutrinos their own antiparticles? 13) Is there a unified theory explaining all correlated electron systems? 14) What is the most powerful laser researchers can build? Theorists say an intense enough laser field would rip photons into electron-positron pairs, dousing the beam. But no one knows whether it's possible to reach that point. 15) Can researchers make a perfect optical lens? 16) Is it possible to create magnetic semiconductors that work at room temperature?

Contents ELI’s Bricks The Peak Power-Pulse Duration conjecture Relativistic Rectification(wake-field) the key to High energy electron beam Generation of Coherent x and -ray, by Coherent Thomson, radiation reaction, X-Ray laser, … Source of attosecond photon and electron pulses ELI’s Science: Study of the structure of matter from atoms to vacuum

Peak Power -Pulse Duration Conjecture To get high peak power you must decrease the pulse duration. To get short pulses you must increase the intensity

Relativistic and Ultra R Laser Pulse Duration vs. Intensity Q-Switch, Dye I=kW/cm2 Modelocking, Dye I=MW/cm2 Mode-Locking KLM I=GW/cm2 MPI I>1013W/cm2 Relativistic and Ultra R Atto, zepto….?

Scalable Isolated Attosecond Pulses 1D PIC simulations in boosted frame Duration, t (as) 2D: a=3, 200as tas)=600/a0 I=1022W/cm2 (Hercules) l=1019W/cm2 (3 laser) optimal ratio: a0/n0=2, or exponential gradient due to wcr=w0a-1/2 n0= n/ncr Amplitude, a

EQ=mpc2 Relativistic Compression NL Optics Ultra Relativistic EQ=mpc2 Relativistic NL Optics Ultra-relativistic intensity is defined with respect to the proton EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

The ELI’s Scientific Goal: from the atom to the Vacuum Structure The advent of ultra-intense laser light pulses (ELI) reaching within a decade towards a critical field strength will allow us to probe the Vacuum in a new way, and at a new "macroscopic" scale.

Relativistic Optics

Relativistic Optics b) Relativistic optics v~c a)Classical optics v<<c, a0>>1, a0<<a02 a0<<1, a0>>a02 x~ao z~ao2

Relativistic Rectification (Wake-Field Tajima, Dawson) + - pushes the electrons. The charge separation generates an electrostatic longitudinal field. (Tajima and Dawson: Wake Fields or Snow Plough) The electrostatic field

Relativistic Rectification -Ultrahigh Intensity Laser is associated with Extremely large E field. Laser Intensity Medium Impedance

Laser Acceleration: Relativistic Microelectronics At 1023W/cm2 , E= 0.6PV/m, it is SLAC (50GeV, 3km long) on 10m The size of the Fermi accelerator will only be one meter (PeV accelerator that will go around the globe, based on conventional technology). Relativistic Microelectronics

fs

J. Faure et al., C. Geddes et al., S. Mangles et al. , The Dream Beam e-beam J. Faure et al., C. Geddes et al., S. Mangles et al. , in Nature 30 septembre 2004

Tunable monoenergetic bunches V. Malka and J. Faure Zinj=225 μm pump injection late injection early injection middle injection Zinj=125 μm Zinj=25 μm Zinj=-75 μm Zinj=-175 μm Zinj=-275 μm Zinj=-375 μm

Front and back acceleration mechanisms Peak energy scales as : EM ~ (IL×)1/2

Ep ~ I1/2 Ep ~ I The Ultra relativistic:Relativistic Ions C C Non relativistic ions Photons Ep ~ I1/2 C Vp ~0 Relativistic ions >1024 Photons Vp ~C Ep ~ I C

High Energy Radiation Radiation Betatron oscillation Radiation reaction X-ray laser

The structure of the ion cavity Longitudinal acceleration Ex + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Transverse oscillation: Betatron oscillation As I said, the longitudinal acceleration of the electrons is due to the electrostatique force in the ions cavity. But, there is also a transverse force in the ion cavity. This force comes from the charge separation btween an electron and the ion background in the ion cavity. The electron makes oscillations, called Betatron oscillations.

 Radiation Reaction: Compton-Thomson Cooling c c c E E N. Naumova, I, Sokolov Charge separation. E-field Creation c E c b)e- move backwards, scattered on the incoming field, cooling the e-  E

Attosecond Generation from Overdense plasma

? Relativistic Self-focusing: (a) (b) A.G.Litvak (1969), C.Max, J.Arons, A.B.Langdon (1974) (a) Refraction (b) ? Reflection

2-D PIC simulation      

2-D PIC simulation

Scalable Isolated Attosecond Pulses 1D PIC simulations in boosted frame Duration, t (as) 2D: a=3, 200as tas)=600/a0 I=1022W/cm2 (Hercules) l=1019W/cm2 (3 laser) optimal ratio: a0/n0=2, or exponential gradient due to wcr=w0a-1/2 n0= n/ncr Amplitude, a

EQ=mpc2 Relativistic Compression NL Optics Ultra Relativistic EQ=mpc2 Relativistic NL Optics Ultra-relativistic intensity is defined with respect to the proton EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

Attosecond Generation (electron)

Attosecond Electron Bunches a0=10, t=15fs, f/1, n0=25ncr Attosecond pulse train 25÷30 MeV Attosecond bunch train N. Naumova, I. Sokolov, J. Nees, A. Maksimchuk, V. Yanovsky, and G. Mourou, Attosecond Electron Bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 195003 (2004).

Coherent Thomson Scattering a0=10, t=15fs, f/1, n0=25ncr h Attosecond pulse train h 25÷30 MeV Attosecond bunch train N. Naumova, I. Sokolov, J. Nees, A. Maksimchuk, V. Yanovsky, and G. Mourou, Attosecond Electron Bunches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 195003 (2004).

ELI: A Unique Infrastructure that offers simultaneously Ultra high Intensity ~1026W/cm2 High Energy particles ~100GeV High Fluxes of X and  rays With femtosecond time structures Highly synchronized (We could possibly get beams equivalent to 1036 W/cm2)

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Physics Exploring the Structure of the Nucleon; Ralph Kaiser Gamma ray Spectroscopy Study of Exotic Nuclei; Mike Bentley Relativistic Heavy ions; Peter Jones

Possibilité de fission nucléaire par impulsion laser Fission d’uranium 238 : réacteurs sous critiques? T. Cowan et al. LLNL 1999, Phys. News, USA (238U) In experiments conducted recently at Lawrence Livemore National Lab, an intense laser beam (from the Petawatt laser, the most powerful in the world) strikes a gold foil (backed with a layer of lead). This results in (1) the highest energy electrons (up to 100 MeV) ever to emerge from a laser-solid interaction, (2) the first laser-induced fission, and (3) the first creation of antimatter (positrons) using lasers. (Tom Cowan LLNL 1999) 238U = matière fertile 0,7% 238U dans U naturel Bilan énergétique? : Fission d’uranium 238 = 200MeV Section efficace? Rendement?

Transmutation des déchets : fission par impulsion laser Transmutation de l’iode 129 (fission) * K. Ledingham et al. J. Phys. D : Appl. Phys. 36, L79 (2003), UK JRC Karlsruhe, Univ. Jena, Univ. Strathclyde, Imperial College, Rutherford Appleton Lab. Laser : 1020W/cm2  champ élect. 1011V/cm  champ mag. 105T Impulsion : plasma  électrons 1,6 . 1024m/s2 : e- <100MeV  gamma par freinage dans Pb ou Ta <10MeV  fission : 129I (15,7 . 106ans)  128I (25mn) laser énergie J durée fs puissance TW Intensité W/cm2 # tirs # fissions Nd:verre Vulcan 75 1 000 100 1019 2/h 103/s Ti:Saphire Jena loa 0,5 80 15 1020 10/s 104/s

Introduction TRANSMUTATION

High-resolution g-Spectroscopy in hyperdeformed actinide nuclei Motivation: explore the multiple-humped potential energy landscape of hyperdeformed heavy actinide nuclei with unprecedented resolution Experimental approach: photofission (g,f) using brilliant photon beams of ~3-10 MeV individually resolve resonances in prompt fission cross section laser-generated high-energy photon flux exceeds conventional facilities by ~ 104-108 Example: 238U(g,f): hyperdeformed 3rd potential minimum has not yet been studied at all

Nuclear transitions and parity-violating meson-nucleon coupling Motivation: study mirror asymmetries in the nuclear resonance fluorescence process (NRF): parity non-conservation as indication of fundamental role of exchange processes of weakly interacting bosons in nucleon-nucleon interaction Experimental approach: use ultra-brilliant, (circular) polarized, monochromatic g ray beams (typ.: 102-103 keV) switch polarization  measure NRF g asymmetry Example: 19F (parity doublet: DE=109.9 keV)

Nonlinear QED

EQ=mpc2 Relativistic Compression NL Optics Ultra Relativistic EQ=mpc2 Relativistic NL Optics Ultra-relativistic intensity is defined with respect to the proton EQ=mpc2, intensity~1024W/cm2

Laser-induced Nonlinear QED G. Mourou, S. Bulanov, T. Tajima Review of Modern Physics (2006) e- GeV electrons 1023W/cm2 e+ You can enhance the laser field by the electron factor. 1023W/cm2

Laser-induced Nonlinear QED G. Mourou, S. Bulanov, T. Tajima Review of Modern Physics (2006) e- GeV electrons 1023W/cm2 -photon Gas Jet e+ 1023 cm2 1023W/cm2

Ultra-high Intensity General Relativity and Black Holes

Laboratory Black Hole Equivalent to be near a Black Hole of Dimension? T. Tajima and G. Mourou Review of Modern Physics Equivalent to be near a Black Hole of Dimension? Temperature?

Is Optics in General Relativity? Using the gravitational shift near a black hole: As we increase a0 the Swartzschild radius can become equal to the Compton wavelength. .

Optics and General Relativity: Hawking Radiation In order to have Hawking radiation You need the gravitational field strong enough to break pairs lc Rs BH e+ e-

Finite Horizon and extra-dimensions The distance to finite horizon is a d 3 + 1 D “gravitational” leakage nD N. Arkani-Hamed et al. (1999) Up to n=4 extra-dimensions could be tested. T. Tajima phone # 81 90 34 96 64 21

ELI: from the Atomic Structure to the Vacuum Structure

The Extreme Light Infrastructure exploded view

ELI Infrastructure

Become an ELI enthusiast Thank you Become an ELI enthusiast You can register @ WWW.eli-laser.eu Eli@eli-laser.eu

4D imaging of electronic Control & 4D imaging of valence & core electrons with sub-atomic resolution attosecond xuv / sxr pulse sub-fs electron bunch 0.1-1 GeV 5-10 MeV Petawatt Field Synthesizer 12: alle „Knödel“ sollten gleich zu Beginn erscheinen, d.h. die ersten beiden Mausklicke sind überflüssig 4D imaging of electronic motion in atoms, molecules and solids by means of attosecond electron or X-ray diffraction sub-fs x-ray pulse Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany

How : investigate new schemes The ELI facilty could be used to produce « real » X-ray lasers Shorter wavelengths lasers than never obtained : < nm range How : investigate new schemes - inner-shell of heavy ions - transitions in nuclear transitions

HHG and Subfemtosecond Pulses from Surfaces of Overdense Plasmas S.V. Bulanov, Naumova N M and Pegoraro F, Phys. Plasmas 1 745(1994) D. Von der linde et al Phys. Rev. A52 R 25, 1995 L. Plaja et al. JOSA B, 15, 1904 (1998) S. Gordienko et al PRL 93, 115002 (2004) N.M. Naumova et.al., PRL 92, 063902 (2004) Tsakiris, G., et al., New Journal of Physics, 8, 19 (2006)

Reflected radiation spectra: the slow power-law decay 1D simulation 1 10 100 1000 n/0 I ~ 8/3 a0=20 a0=10 a0=5 102 104 106 108 1010 1012 Intensity, a.u. Gordienko, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004 The Gaussian laser pulse a=a0exp[-(t/t)2]cosw0t is incident onto an overdense plasma layer with n=30nc. The color lines correspond to laser amplitudes a0=5,10,20. The broken line marks the analytical scaling I ~ w-8/3. Possibility to produce zeptosecond pulses!!!

Multi-keV Harmonics B. Dromey, M. Zepf et. al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 085001 (2007)

Relativistic High Harmonics: Train of Attosecond Pulses Yet some applications require single attosecond pulses! Can we extract one pulse from the train?

Two large Laser Infrastructures Have Been Selected to be on the ESFRI (European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures) Roadmap a - HIPER, civilian laser fusion research (using the “fast ignition scheme”) and all applications of ultra high energy laser b - ELI, reaching highest intensities (Exawatt) and applications ELI has been the first Infrastructure launched by Brussels November 1st 2007

Towards the Critical Field For I=1022W/cm2 a02 =104 The pulse duration t= 600 /a0 ~ 6as The wavelength ~ l/1000 The Focal volume decreases ~ 10-8 The Efficiency~ 10% Intensity I=1022W/cm2 I=1028W/cm2

Extreme Light Infrastructure ELI ELI Workshop on “Fundamental Physics with Ultra-High Fields” Frauenworth Sept.28-Oct.2,2008 Gérard A. MOUROU Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée – LOA ENSTA – Ecole Polytechnique – CNRS PALAISEAU, France gerard.mourou@ensta.fr i am going to present you some recent works on the production of x-ray radiation using laser produced plasmas. I am from the PXF group at LOA in france and our goal is to produced bright femtosecond x-ray sources and use these source to do applications in the so called ultrafastx-ray Science. Recently, thanks to the advent of high intensity lasers it is possible to generate energetic, very collimated, and short pulses electrons beams. I will show you one way to use these electron to produce femtosecond x-ray beams.