A CASE STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OA ON A UNIVERSITY DONALD W. KING SCHOOL OF INFORMATION SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEETING ON NATIONAL POLICIES ON OPEN ACCESS (OA) PROVISION FOR UNIVERSITY RESEARCH OUTPUT SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY FEBRUARY 19,2004

A SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE Over $50 Billion in the U.S. Participants –Authors (9% of $) –Readers (78% of $) –Publishers (7% of $) –Libraries & Intermediaries (6% of $) Institutional OA at $400 (might be about 0.5% of $)

AUTHOR CONSIDERATIONS Only About 15-20% of All US Scientists Have Authored or Co-Authored a Refereed Article – ~75% by University Scientists – ~25% by Other Scientists –Varies by Field of Science

AUTHOR CONSIDERATIONS (Contd) Reasons to Author Articles –Career Advancement –Contribute to Knowledge –For Posterity –Protect Intellectual Effort –Varies by Field

AUTHOR CONSIDERATIONS (Contd) Reasons for Selecting a Journal in which to Publish –Circulation –Acceptance Rates –Quality –Speed of Publishing

OTHER SCIENCE AUTHORSHIP CONSIDERATIONS Annual Authorship - U. of Pittsburgh –1.2 Refereed Articles (92% have authored) –0.3 Other Articles –0.2 Proceedings or Chapters –0.05 Books

OTHER SCIENCE AUTHORSHIP CONSIDERATIONS (contd) Refereed Articles –95 Average Hours Per Article –~18 Times Cost of Institutional OA (at $400) –Additional Author Time Required to Publish (~15-25% for Mss. Revisions)

OTHER SCIENCE AUTHORSHIP CONSIDERATIONS (contd) Funding of Research Leading to Article –33% Government –25% Industry –7% Foundations, etc. –35% Solely University Institutional OA < 10% of University Library Journal Expenditures

READER CONSIDERATIONS Nearly All Scientists Read Scholarly Journals – ~25% of All Reading Done by University Scientists – ~75% by Other Scientists

READER CONSIDERATIONS (contd) Reasons Scientists Choose Sources of Scholarly Journals/Articles –Interest in Content –Quality (Refereed) –Cost ($ and Time) –Availability of Alternative Sources –Awareness

INDICATORS OF AWARENESS & USE OF PRE-PUBLICATION ARTICLES Author Web Sites - U. of Pittsburgh –22% of Scientists Have Them –46% Have Read From Them –2.5 Uses Per Year (All Scientists) –5.5 Uses Per Year (Users)

INDICATORS OF AWARENESS & USE OF PRE-PUBLICATION ARTICLES (contd) Preprint Archives –61% Scientists Aware of Them –24% Have Used (Read) –1.2 Uses/Year (All Scientists) –4.9 Uses/Year (Users) –9% Have Submitted Articles –2.7 Articles/Year (Have) Both Author Web Sites & Preprint Archives Have Increasing Use

SHOULD JOURNAL PUBLISHERS BE CONCERNED? Substantial Communication About Research Findings Before Formal Publication –Oral & Written Reports –Conference Presentations & Proceedings –Preprints –Author Web Sites

SHOULD JOURNAL PUBLISHERS BE CONCERNED? (contd) At University of Pittsburgh –Readers Knew About Information in Articles Before Reading –48% of Readings 75% of Reading Outside of Universities –61% of Readings Involved in New Information

PUBLISHER ADVANTAGES OF INSTITUTIONAL OA Potential Feedback Should Build in Feedback from Readers? Permanent Archive

LIBRARY PARTICIPATION Organization & Control Maintenance of Institutional Archive Potential Reduction in Cost

E-Print, etc. Communication Journal Communication Peer Communication Local Communication ARTICLE COMMUNICATION