Nomenclature – naming and rules for naming of compounds. 9.1 Nomenclature Nomenclature – naming and rules for naming of compounds. The names of the cations of the Group 1A, Group 2A, and Group 3A metals are the same as the name of the metal, followed by the word ion or cation.

Anion names start with the stem of the element name and end in -ide. 9.1 Monatomic Ions Anions The charge of any ion of a Group A nonmetal is determined by subtracting 8 from the group number. Anion names start with the stem of the element name and end in -ide.

These Group A elements form anions. 9.1 Monatomic Ions These Group A elements form anions. These transition elements form cations. (They may also have more than one charge state.) Note the positions of the nonmetals and the metalloid, arsenic. These elements form anions. Common transition elements that form more than one ion are also shown. Applying Concepts Do the transition metals form anions or cations?

9.1 Monatomic Ions

Ions of Transition Metals 9.1 Monatomic Ions Ions of Transition Metals How are the charges of some transition metal ions determined?

9.1 Monatomic Ions The charges of the cations of many transition metal ions must be determined from the number of electrons lost.

Two methods are used to name the ions of transition metals. 9.1 Monatomic Ions Two methods are used to name the ions of transition metals. The Stock system The common naming system

9.1 Monatomic Ions In the Stock system, a Roman numeral in parentheses is placed after the name of the element to indicate the numerical value of the charge.

9.1 Monatomic Ions In the common naming system, the classical name of the element is used to form the root name for the element.

9.1 Monatomic Ions

1.1 Conceptual Problem 9.1

9.1 Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic Ions What are the two endings of the names of most polyatomic ions?

These models show the structures of four common polyatomic ions. 9.1 Polyatomic Ions These models show the structures of four common polyatomic ions. These molecular models show the arrangement of atoms in four common polyatomic ions. Interpreting Diagrams How does the ammonium ion differ from the other three?

Some ions, called polyatomic ions, are composed of more than one atom. 9.1 Polyatomic Ions Some ions, called polyatomic ions, are composed of more than one atom. The names of most polyatomic anions end in -ite or -ate.

Names and Formulas of Some Common Polyatomic Ions 9.1 Polyatomic Ions Names and Formulas of Some Common Polyatomic Ions

Binary Ionic Compounds 9.2 Binary Ionic Compounds Binary Ionic Compounds How are the names of binary ionic compounds determined? How do you write the formulas for binary ionic compounds?

Binary Ionic Compounds 9.2 Binary Ionic Compounds Naming Binary Ionic Compounds A binary compound is composed of two elements and can be either ionic or molecular. To name any binary ionic compound, place the cation name first, followed by the anion name.

Binary Ionic Compounds 9.2 Binary Ionic Compounds Tin(II) fluoride, or SnF2, is added to toothpastes to prevent cavities. Tin(II) fluoride and tin(IV) sulfide have different compositions and uses. a) Tin(II) fluoride is added to toothpastes to prevent cavities. b) Tin(IV) sulfide is used in glazes for porcelain fixtures and dishes. Inferring What are the charges on the tin ions in the two compounds?

Binary Ionic Compounds 9.2 Binary Ionic Compounds Tin(IV) sulfide, or SnS2, is used in glazes for porcelain fixtures and dishes. Tin(II) fluoride and tin(IV) sulfide have different compositions and uses. a) Tin(II) fluoride is added to toothpastes to prevent cavities. b) Tin(IV) sulfide is used in glazes for porcelain fixtures and dishes. Inferring What are the charges on the tin ions in the two compounds?

Binary Ionic Compounds 9.2 Binary Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds Write the symbol of the cation and then the anion. Add whatever subscripts are needed to balance the charges.

9.2 Conceptual Problem 9.2

Compounds With Polyatomic Ions 9.2 Compounds With Polyatomic Ions Compounds with Polyatomic Ions How do you write the formulas and names of compounds containing polyatomic ions?

Compounds With Polyatomic Ions 9.2 Compounds With Polyatomic Ions Write the symbol for the cation followed by the formula for the polyatomic ion and balance the charges.

Compounds With Polyatomic Ions 9.2 Compounds With Polyatomic Ions For example, calcium nitrate is composed of a calcium cation (Ca2+) and a polyatomic nitrate anion (NO3–). In calcium nitrate, two nitrate anions, each with a 1– charge, are needed to balance the 2+ charge of each calcium cation. The formula for calcium nitrate is Ca(NO3)2.

9.3 Conceptual Problem 9.3

9.3 Conceptual Problem 9.3

Compounds With Polyatomic Ions 9.2 Compounds With Polyatomic Ions Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions To name a compound containing a polyatomic ion, state the cation first and then the anion, just as you did in naming binary ionic compounds.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Naming Binary Molecular Compounds What does a prefix in the name of a binary molecular compound tell you about the compound’s composition?

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Carbon and oxygen combine to form carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), but these two invisible gases are very different. Carbon monoxide is an invisible, gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen. It is a toxic product of incomplete burning, such as occurs in automobile engines and faulty furnaces.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Sitting in a room with small amounts of CO2 in the air would not present any problems. If the same amount of CO were in the room, you could die of asphyxiation. A naming system that distinguishes between these two compounds is needed. Carbon monoxide is an invisible, gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen. It is a toxic product of incomplete burning, such as occurs in automobile engines and faulty furnaces.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds A prefix in the name of a binary molecular compound tells how many atoms of an element are present in each molecule of the compound.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Some guidelines for naming binary molecular compounds: Name the elements in the order listed in the formula. Use prefixes to indicate the number of each kind of atom.

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Omit the prefix mono- when the formula contains only one atom of the first element in the name. The suffix of the name of the second element is -ide.

Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds How do you write the formula for a binary molecular compound?

Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds Use the prefixes in the name to tell you the subscript of each element in the formula. Then write the correct symbols for the two elements with the appropriate subscripts.

Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds 9.3 Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds Silicon carbide is a hard material like diamond. The name silicon carbide has no prefixes, so the subscripts of silicon and carbon must be one. Thus, the formula for silicon carbide is SiC. A grinding wheel made of silicon carbide (SiC) can shape even the toughest materials. Inferring What causes the sparks?

Naming and Writing Formulas for Acids and Bases 9.4 Naming and Writing Formulas for Acids and Bases Some ants can give painful stings when threatened or disturbed. Certain ant species called formicines have poison glands that produce venom containing formic acid. You will learn the names and formulas of some important acids such as formic acid.

What are the three rules for naming acids? 9.4 Naming Acids Naming Acids What are the three rules for naming acids?

9.4 Naming Acids An acid is a compound that contains one or more hydrogen atoms and produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Acids have various uses. To create designs such as this on glass, the glass is first coated with wax and the design is drawn through the wax. When the glass is dipped into hydrofluoric acid (HF), the acid etches (eats away) the glass wherever the wax has been removed.

Three rules can help you name an acid with the general formula HnX. 9.4 Naming Acids Three rules can help you name an acid with the general formula HnX. When the name of the anion (X) ends in -ide, the acid name begins with the prefix hydro-. The stem of the anion has the suffix -ic and is followed by the word acid.

9.4 Naming Acids When the anion name ends in -ite, the acid name is the stem of the anion with the suffix -ous, followed by the word acid.

9.4 Naming Acids When the anion name ends in -ate, the acid name is the stem of the anion with the suffix - ic followed by the word acid.

A Summary of the Three Rules for Naming Acids. 9.4 Naming Acids A Summary of the Three Rules for Naming Acids.

Writing Formulas for Acids 9.4 Writing Formulas for Acids Writing Formulas for Acids How are the formulas of acids determined?

Writing Formulas for Acids 9.4 Writing Formulas for Acids Use the rules for writing the names of acids in reverse to write the formulas for acids. What is the formula for hydrobromic acid? Following Rule 1, hydrobromic acid (hydro- prefix and -ic suffix) must be a combination of hydrogen ion (H+) and bromide ion (Br–). The formula of hydrobromic acid is HBr.

Writing Formulas for Acids 9.4 Writing Formulas for Acids

Names and Formulas for Bases 9.4 Names and Formulas for Bases Names and Formulas for Bases How are bases named?

Names and Formulas for Bases 9.4 Names and Formulas for Bases Bases are named in the same way as other ionic compounds—the name of the cation is followed by the name of the anion. For example, aluminum hydroxide consists of the aluminum cation (Al3+) and the hydroxide anion (OH–). The formula for aluminum hydroxide is Al(OH)3.

Names and Formulas for Bases 9.4 Names and Formulas for Bases Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a base that is used to make paper. Sodium hydroxide is an important industrial and consumer product. a) Recycled paper and wood are digested with NaOH to make pulp in the first step in making paper. b) Cleaners containing NaOH cut through heavy grease. c) An important use of sodium hydroxide is in making soap. Inferring Why is the woman in the second photo wearing gloves?

Names and Formulas for Bases 9.4 Names and Formulas for Bases Cleaners and soap contain sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is an important industrial and consumer product. a) Recycled paper and wood are digested with NaOH to make pulp in the first step in making paper. b) Cleaners containing NaOH cut through heavy grease. c) An important use of sodium hydroxide is in making soap. Inferring Why is the woman in the second photo wearing gloves?

The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 9.5 The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions What are the two laws that describe how compounds form?

The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 9.5 The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions The rules for naming and writing formulas for compounds are possible only because compounds form from the elements in predictable ways. These ways are summed up in two laws: the law of definite proportions and the law of multiple proportions.

The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 9.5 The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions The Law of Definite Proportions The law of definite proportions states that in samples of any chemical compound, the masses of the elements are always in the same proportions.

The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 9.5 The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions Water obeys the law of definite proportions. In every sample of water, the mass ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is always 8:1. Water and hydrogen peroxide contain the same two elements, but they have different properties. a) Water does not bleach dyes. b) Hydrogen peroxide is a bleach.

The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 9.5 The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions Hydrogen peroxide obeys the law of definite proportions. The mass ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is always 16:1. Water and hydrogen peroxide contain the same two elements, but they have different properties. a) Water does not bleach dyes. b) Hydrogen peroxide is a bleach.

The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 9.5 The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions The Law of Multiple Proportions The law of multiple proportions: Whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 9.5 The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions A Diagram of the Law of Multiple Proportions The diagram illustrates the law of multiple proportions. Two compounds, X and Y, contain equal masses of element B. The ratio of the masses of A in these compounds is 5:10 or 1:2 (a small whole number ratio). Applying Concepts Would the ratio be different if

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9.1

9.1

9.1

Practice Problems for Sample Problem 9.1

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.5 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds How do you use a flowchart to write the name of a chemical compound?

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.5 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds Follow the arrows and answer the questions on the flowchart to write the correct name for a compound.

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.5 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds This flowchart will help you name chemical compounds. Begin with the letters Q and R in the general formula Qx Ry. Q and R can be atoms, monatomic ions, or polyatomic ions.

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.5 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds CuSO4 is an example from the flowchart. The compound will end in -ite or -ate. Cu is not part of Group A, so you must name the ions and use a Roman numeral to identify the charge of the transition metal. The name is copper(II) sulfate. Blue copper(II) sulfate contains water in its crystal structure. When it is heated, it loses water and turns white. When the white solid absorbs water, it turns blue again.

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.4 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds Practicing Skills: Writing Chemical Formulas What four guidelines should you follow to write the formula of a chemical compound?

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.5 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds In writing a chemical formula from a chemical name, it is helpful to remember the following guidelines. An -ide ending generally indicates a binary compound. An -ite or -ate ending means a polyatomic ion that includes oxygen is in the formula.

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.5 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds Prefixes in a name generally indicate that the compound is molecular. A Roman numeral after the name of a cation shows the ionic charge of the cation.

Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds 9.5 Practicing Skills: Naming Chemical Compounds This flowchart will help you write a chemical formula when given a chemical name. Interpreting Illustrations What are the two types of chemical compounds whose formulas you can write using this flowchart?