Helping strategies for adults If you are not confused by the situation, you don’t understand it (Zen and the art of Motorcycle Maintenance)

Behaviour Change as a process 1.We want the change (we value it) 2.Believe we can change - self efficacy (a sort of logic model - if I/we/they do this then I will get the effects I want/value) 3. Believe our efforts will have desired effects (locus of control) 4. Know how to change

High low Internal locus of control Chance locus of control Powerful others of control Social Learning Theory Rotter 1954 Locus of control (LOC)

Our locus of control beliefs are always context specific. What we believe is possible in any context is linked to history but not unchanging. We have beliefs on all three dimensions for any behaviour and its probable outcome. These may be in tension ( e.g. all three could be high) and interact. Behaviour change methods are designed to intervene in these dynamics.

High low Internal locus of control Chance locus of control Powerful others of control Social Learning Theory Rotter 1954 e.g. person 1 Locus of control (LOC) beliefs about passing exams If I go to class and revise I can make a difference to my results It depends on teachers Teaching me the right stuff It a bit random whether I get the questions I can answer in the exam

High low Internal locus of control Chance locus of control Powerful others of control Social Learning Theory Rotter 1954 e.g. person 2 Locus of control (LOC) beliefs about passing exams If I revised it might make a difference to my results My teachers ignore me/don’t teach the things I need to pass You can’t know what Questions will turn up in exams

High low Internal locus of control Chance locus of control Powerful others of control Social Learning Theory Rotter 1954 Locus of control (LOC) e.g. person 2 Avoiding getting cancer I think I eat OK but I don’t have to will power to give up smoking smoke There are lots of interfering people giving advice but they can’t make a difference What will be will be. You have to die of something

Stages of Behaviour change 1.Pre-contemplation 2.Contemplation 3.Action 4.Maintenance 5.Relapse A transtheoretical model of change Prochaska and Di Celemente 1986 See other attachment for full description

Antecedents Behaviour Consequences E.g. The phone rings, even if you are in the bath, it triggers you jump out because it is likely to be a conversation you want to have You can change the antecedents – take the phone into the bathroom with you. You get a letter telling you about screening. You don’t believe that responding to this will trigger something you value do you don’t react. You see something you like to eat in the fridge, if you eat it you will get immediate pleasure, and anyway ‘I have big bones’ and who wants to be thin! What maintains habits/habitual behaviours?