Computer Networks: Hands On Experience

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Computer Networks: Hands On Experience Pongpisit Wuttidittachotti, Ph.D. Faculty of Information Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) pongpisitw@kmutnb.ac.th http://www.it.kmutnb.ac.th/pongpisit

Outline What is a Network? Network Components Putting It all Together LAN & WAN LAB #1: Testing the network connectivity LAB #2: Connect 2 computers using a cable

What is a Network? A Network is two or more devices connected to a common medium.

Network Components All networks have 4 basic elements in common: Devices on the network that exchange messages. Rules (protocols) to govern the handling of the message. Messages that travel from one device to another. Medium that is used to interconnect devices and can transport the messages from one device to another.

Devices on a network – Common Symbols

Messages take many forms.

Media on a network can be varied. Guided (wired) Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable Unguided (wireless) AIR WATER

Rules on a network seem almost endless – but they’re not. Rules (Protocols) Rules on a network seem almost endless – but they’re not. Other Application Protocols: DNS, DHCP, FTP Some Other Protocols: TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Ethernet, Routing Protocols

Communications – What is it? We establish rules, or protocols, for communicating with each other: Identify the sender and receiver. Agree on the method. Common language. Speed and delivery of the message. Confirmation that the message was received. Communications between individuals is successful if the meaning of the received message is the same as the meaning of the message that was sent.

Putting It all Together 1. Converted to Binary. 2. NIC generates signals. 3. Passed among LAN devices. 4. Exit the local area (router).

Putting It all Together The many interconnected devices worldwide are often represented by a cloud. 5. Bits are transmitted to devices that interconnect the networks.

Putting It all Together 6. Passed among local devices at the destination. 7. The destination device converts the bits into human readable form.

Putting It all Together At each of these steps, there are protocols that define the rules for device communication. 5 7 6 1 2 3 4

LAN & WAN

Local Area Networks An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region.

Wide Area Networks Networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations. Usually implemented with leased connections through a telecommunications service provider (TSP) network. A TSP traditionally transports voice and data on different networks. Now, providers are offering converged network services. HDLC, PPP, T1, DS3, OC3, ISDN, Frame Relay

LAB #1: Testing the network connectivity Ping Traceroute (tracert)

Testing the Network Layer

“ipconfig” command ipconfig is a commmand line utility. This utility allows you to get the IP address information of a Windows computer.

Testing the Network Layer C:>ping 10.0.0.1 Verifies that the local IP configuration is correct. C:>ping 10.0.0.254 Verifies that the host can reach the gateway.

Testing the Network Layer C:>ping 10.0.1.2

Testing the Network Layer

LAB #2: Connect 2 computers using a cable

What do you need to know? IPv4 Cable types

Anatomy of an IPv4 Address Each device on a network must be uniquely identified at the Network layer. For IPv4, a 32 bit source and destination address is contained in each packet.

Anatomy of an IPv4 Address 32 bit Binary String Divided into OCTETS Expressed in DOTTED DECIMAL NOTATION Devices use binary logic and work with strings of binary numbers. For us, the decimal equivalent is much easier to use and remember.

Anatomy of an IPv4 Address 1.2 2.2 1.1 2.1 1.3 3.1 3.2 To identify a path or "route" through a network, the address must be composed of two parts: Network portion Host portion

Anatomy of an IPv4 Address IP Address 192. 168. 1. 2 Binary IP Address 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 Network Portion: Some portion of the high-order bits represents the network address. We define a network as a group of hosts that have identical bit patterns in the network address portion of their addresses. 192.168.1.2 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 192.168.1.67 01000011 192.168.1.204 11001100

Anatomy of an IPv4 Address IP Address 192. 168. 1. 2 Binary IP Address 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 Host Portion: There are a variable number of bits that are called the host portion of the address. The number of bits used in this host portion determines the number of hosts that we can have within the network. 192.168.1.2 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 192.168.1.67 01000011 192.168.1.204 11001100

Binary to Decimal Conversion In all number systems, the digits start with 0. A Base-n number system has n number of digits: Decimal: Base-10 has 10 digits 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 Binary: Base-2 has 2 digits 1, 0 Hexadecimal: Base-16 has 16 digits F, E, D, C, B, A, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

Binary to Decimal Conversion Positional Notation (Decimal Number System): Means that a digit represents different values depending on the position it occupies. The value that a digit represents is that value multiplied by the power of the base according to the position the digit occupies. 1 2 3 Position 100 101 102 103 Base 1 10 100 1,000 Value 4 3 1 2 String (2x103) + (1x102) + (3x101) + (4x100) = 2,134

Binary to Decimal Conversion Computers react only to electrical impulses. They work with and store data using electronic switches that are either on (1) or off (0). They can only understand and use data that is in this two state format. These 1's and 0's are called binary digits or bits.

Binary to Decimal Conversion Positional Notation (Binary Number System): Means that a digit represents different values depending on the position it occupies. The value that a digit represents is that value multiplied by the power of the base according to the position the digit occupies. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Position 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 Value 1 String (1x26) + (1x25) + (1x23) + (1x22) 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 108

Binary to Decimal Conversion 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Position 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 Value String 1 String 1 String 1 String Range: 0 to 255

Binary to Decimal Conversion IP Address: 11001001000100010001110100000100 11001001 00010001 00011101 00000100 201 17 29 4 IP Address: 201.17.29.4 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 1 1 1 1

Binary to Decimal Conversion 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 Dec. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 21 50 101 150 206

Managing Big Network

Managing Subnets

Different Network Size Network Prefix # of Host Addresses Mask /30 4 255.255.255.252 /29 8 255.255.255.248 /28 16 255.255.255.240 /27 32 255.255.255.224 /26 64 255.255.255.192 /25 128 255.255.255.128 /24 256 255.255.255.0

Straight-Through, crossover, rollover

Straight Through - Switch to a router Ethernet port - Computer to switch - Computer to hub

Crossover Cables Switch to switch Switch to hub Hub to hub Router to router Ethernet port Computer to computer Computer to a router Ethernet port

Console Cable

Thank you for your attention

Reference CCNA, St. Clair College in Windsor, Ontario.

Backup

LAB#3: Creating subnet Configure the 2 PCs to be in the same subnet Try Pinging between the two PCs Configure the 2 PCs to be in different subnet

IOS configuration Mode