Chapter 2: Measurement and Calculations… Section 2-1: Scientific Method (pg29-31) will not be explicitly covered but used throughout this entire class… 1

Section 2-2: Units of Measurement & Metric review and summary… Pgs

The Fundamental Metric System (SI) Units…some of them

SI Units 4

SI Prefixes Common to Chemistry PrefixUnit Abbr.Exponent Kilok10 3 Decid10 -1 Centic10 -2 Millim10 -3 Micro  We will use these units primarily in this class, but these are only a few of the units within the SI (Metric System) 5

Density… Density is defined as the ratio of mass (matter) to volume. Density (D) is usually expressed D = m/v Units are most commonly g/ml or g/cm 3, but can be in ANY units of mass to volume! Density is a characteristic physical property that does not change with size of sample (BUT some conditions can affect density value…like what?) 6

Conversion Factors (pg 40-42) We’ll cover this soon…not yet. 7

(p ) Section 2-3: Using Scientific Measurements 8

A. Accuracy vs. Precision Accuracy - how close a measurement is to the accepted value Precision - how close a series of measurements are to each other ACCURATE = CORRECT PRECISE = CONSISTENT 9

B. Percent Error Indicates accuracy of a measurement your value accepted value 10

B. Percent Error A student determines the density of a substance to be 1.40 g/mL. Find the % error if the accepted value of the density is 1.36 g/mL. % error = 2.9 % 11

C. Significant Figures Indicate precision of a measurement. Recording measurements in Sig Figs… – Sig figs in a measurement include the known digits plus a final estimated digit 2.35 cm 12

C. Significant Figures Counting Sig Figs (textbook Table 2-5, p.47) – Zeros that are in between any digits 1-9 are ALWAYS counted as significant Ex: 105 = 3 sig figs = 5 sig figs – Count all numbers (1 though 9) EXCEPT… Leading zeros Trailing zeros without a decimal point -- 2,500 13

, C. Significant Figures Counting Sig Fig Examples , sig figs 3 sig figs 2 sig figs 14

C. Significant Figures Calculating with Sig Figs – Multiply/Divide - The # with the fewest sig figs determines the # of sig figs in the answer. (13.91g/cm 3 )(23.3cm 3 ) = g 324 g 4 SF3 SF 15

C. Significant Figures Calculating with Sig Figs (con’t) – Add/Subtract - The # with the lowest decimal value determines the place of the last sig fig in the answer mL mL 7.85 mL 224 g g 354 g  7.9 mL  350 g 3.75 mL mL 7.85 mL 224 g g 354 g 16

C. Significant Figures Calculating with Sig Figs (con’t) – Exact Numbers do not limit the # of sig figs in the answer. Counting numbers: 12 students Exact conversions: 1 m = 100 cm “1” in any conversion: 1 in = 2.54 cm 17

C. Significant Figures 5. (15.30 g) ÷ (6.4 mL) Practice Problems = g/mL  18.1 g g g g 4 SF2 SF  2.4 g/mL 2 SF 18

D. Scientific Notation (and standard notation) PROPER Sci. notation uses format: M x 10 n – M is larger than 1 and smaller than 10 (1.000 to 9.999) To converting into Sci. Notation: – Move decimal until there’s 1 digit to left of decimal (COUNTING places moved tells you about the exponent) – Large numbers (>1)  positive exponents Small numbers (<1)  negative exponent – Only include sig figs. (significant figures) 65,000 kg  6.5 × 10 4 kg 19

D. Scientific Notation 2,400,000  g kg 7  km 6.2  10 4 mm Practice Problems 2.4  10 6  g 2.56  kg km 62,000 mm 20

D. Scientific Notation Calculating with Sci. Notation (5.44 × 10 7 g) ÷ (8.1 × 10 4 mol) = 5.44 EXP EE ÷ ÷ EXP EE ENTER EXE = = 670 g/mol= 6.7 × 10 2 g/mol Type on your calculator: 21

E. Proportions Direct Proportion  Inverse Proportion y x y x 22