AP BIOLOGY Chapter 10 Photosynthesis

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon onto RuBP in Calvin cycle in C3 plants. Name the cells that control the opening and closing of stomates on the underneath surface of leaves A stack of thylakoids is called a _______ RUBISCO Guard cells granum (pl. grana)

Organisms that get energy by consuming other living things Fluid filled compartment inside the thylakoids Chloroplasts are found mainly in __________ cells in the interior of the leaf Heterotrophs (consumers) Thylakoid space or lumen mesophyll

WHERE DOES IT GO? KREBS CYCLE CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION mitochondria chloroplast KREBS CYCLE CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C3 plants Electron carrier that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions Mesophyll cells NADP+ NADPH, ATP, and O2

Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C4 plants Molecule that provide electrons to replace the electrons in chlorophyll a in PSII that are energized and passed down the ETC Name the product(s) of the light independent reactions Mesophyll cells H2O G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) (….glucose)

Which kind of plants use this pathway to fix CO2? Name the enzyme used to add CO2 to PEP in this pathway C4 plants have bundle sheath cells PEP carboxylase

Which molecule is added to RuBP during photorespiration? 5-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C3 plants Light absorbing molecules like chlorophyll and carotenoids are called ____________ oxygen RuBP- Ribulose bisphosphate pigments

Final electron Final electron acceptor = O2 acceptor = NADP+ WHERE DOES IT GO? FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR at end of ETC = ? ENERGY SOURCE = ? LOCATION OF ETC = ? mitochondria chloroplast Final electron Final electron acceptor = O2 acceptor = NADP+ Glucose is energy Sunlight is Source energy source ETC in cristae ETC in thylokoid (inner membrane) membrane

Type of cell where Calvin cycle happens in C4 plants 3-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants Name the reactants of the Calvin cycle Bundle sheath cells PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate) ATP, NADPH, CO2

CAM plants fix carbon in mesophyll cells _______. during the day at night Molecules _____ electrons when they are reduced. (lose gain) at night GAIN Remember: OIL RIG Oxidation Is Losing electrons Reduction Is Gaining electrons

CAM stands for ________________ Name the enzyme that adds CO2 to PEP when carbon is fixed in C4 and CAM plants CAM stands for ________________ Give some examples of CAM plants PEP carboxylase Crassulacean acid metabolism Succulents (jade, sedum), cactus, pineapple,

mitochondria chloroplast Cellular respiration Have DNA Ubiquinone (Q) WHERE DOES IT GO? CELLULAR RESPIRATION HAVE DNA HAVE CYTOCHROMES UBIQUINONE (Q) mitochondria chloroplast Cellular respiration Have DNA Ubiquinone (Q) Have cytochromes

Name this molecule chlorophyll

Give some examples of C4 plants Place where H+ ions build up during ETC in the light dependent reactions = ? Name the color of light that is least effect in driving photosynthesis Corn, sugar cane, many grasses Thylakoid space Green- plants reflect green wavelengths

Oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation RIBOSOMES WHERE DOES IT GO? RIBOSOMES OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION PROTON PUMPS PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION mitochondria chloroplast Oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation RIBOSOMES Proton pumps

Label reactants and products for photosynthesis: #1 = ___________________ #2 = ___________________ #3 = ___________________ #4 = ___________________ #5 = ___________________ WATER OXYGEN Carbon dioxide SUGAR Light energy

Wavelengths of light chlorophyll absorbs the best = ? Guard cells open stomata when they are __________ turgid flaccid Name the metallic cofactor at the center of chlorophyll’s phorphyrin ring Red, blue-violet turgid Magnesium

Because rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 instead CO2 , when CO2 is low and oxygen is high plants switch into this pathway Tell where the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid space during the light reactions come from photorespiration 1. Pumped from stroma by proton pumps in thylakoid membrane 2. Produced when water is split to replace electrons lost by chlorophyll

grana mitochondria chloroplast Found in animals Have ATP synthase WHERE DOES IT GO? FOUND IN ANIMALS GRANA HAVE ATP SYNTHASE FOUND IN PLANTS mitochondria chloroplast Found in animals grana Have ATP synthase Found in plants

The process of incorporating CO2 into organic compounds = ? The process of using light energy to generate ATP using chemiosmosis = ? Ion channel/enzyme complex that uses the power of H+ ions moving down their gradient to add Pi onto ADP Carbon fixation photophosphorylation ATP synthase

Identify: A= ___________ thylakoid B = ___________ C= ____________ stroma granum (pl., grana) Thylakoid space (lumen) cytoplasm

Tell some of the factors that influence the This process of using the migration of solvents to separate molecules is called ___________ Tell some of the factors that influence the movement of molecules up the paper. chromatography Solubility in solvent, size of molecules, attraction to paper

During cyclic electron flow, electrons move from PSI to ____________ photosystem A __________ is made up of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light harvesting accessory pigments During cyclic electron flow, electrons move from PSI to ____________ Explain why plants switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flow ETC (cytochromes) Allows them to make more ATP for Calvin Cycle which requires more ATP than NADPH

On which side of the membrane is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP? What happens to the oxygen produced when water molecules split during the light dependent reactions? On which side of the membrane is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP? On which side of the membrane is water split? Lost to atmosphere as O2 stroma Thylakoid space

Label molecules of the light dependent reactions. PHOTOSYSTEM II Electron Transport Chain PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP Synthase

CELLULAR RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS NADH NADPH FADH2 WHERE DOES IT GO? PRODUCTS = ? REACTANTS = ? CELLULAR RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS NADH NADPH FADH2 PRODUCTS = PRODUCTS = CO2,+ H2O + O2, + G3P (glucose) energy (ATP) REACTANTS = REACTANTS = O2 + C6H12O2(glucose) CO2 + H2O

Carotenoids Autotroph (producer) http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg Yellow and orange accessory pigments that funnel light energy to chlorophyll a An organism that can make its own food like a green plant is called an _______________ Carotenoids Autotroph (producer)

Which gas is given off by plants during photosynthesis? Which ion moves across the membrane to power the ATP synthase enzyme to add a phosphate to ADP? Where do the carbon atoms come from that end up in carbohydrates made by the Calvin cycle? Which gas is given off by plants during photosynthesis? H+ (Hydrogen ion) Carbon dioxide oxygen

mitochondria chloroplast thylakoids chemiosmosis has own DNA WHERE DOES IT GO? THYLAKOIDS CHEMIOSMOSIS HAS OWN DNA mitochondria chloroplast thylakoids chemiosmosis has own DNA

Oxidizing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions. What role do the accessory pigments like xanthophyll and carotene play in photosynthesis? Oxidizing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions. They act as antennas to collect light energy and pass it to chlorophyll a; Provide protection for chlorophyll by absorbing some of the sun’s energy gain

Reducing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions. For what reason do cells switch and use cyclic rather than non cyclic electron flow during the light dependent reactions? Reducing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions. Allows cell to make more ATP than NADPH because Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH lose

Tell which molecule the H in NADPH originally comes from. NADPH Another name for the Calvin cycle is _______________ Comes from H2 O when water is split Light independent (old name was dark reactions)

The ultimate source of carbon found in glucose is from ? How many carbon dioxide molecules are needed to make 1 molecule of glucose? Discrete particles of light are called __________ CO2 6 photons

H+ build up in H+ build up intermembrane space thylakoid space WHERE DOES IT GO? MOLECULE THAT DONATES ELECTRONS TO ETC =? WHERE H+ BUILDS UP = ? ROLE OF GLUCOSE= ? mitochondria chloroplast NADH/FADH2 chlorophyll a donates electrons donates electrons to ETC to ETC H+ build up in H+ build up intermembrane space thylakoid space Glucose is reactant Glucose is product (broken down) (produced)

Explain why plant “look” green. Molecules _____ electrons when they are oxidized. (lose gain) We see reflected light. Chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths LOSE Remember: OIL RIG Oxidation Is Losing electrons Reduction Is Gaining electrons

CAM plants make sugar via the Calvin cycle_______. during the day at night Name the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle during the day Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration

Which kind of plants use this pathway to fix CO2? Name the enzyme used to add CO2 to PEP in this pathway CAM plants fix CO2 at night and run Calvin cycle during the day PEP carboxylase

How do the levels of AMP and ATP Why does PSII come first in line in front of PSI in the thylakoid membrane? How do the levels of AMP and ATP play a regulatory role in the glycolysis pathway? PSI was discovered and named first High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway ~ make it when need it High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway ~ don’t run glycolysis if not needed

Tell which molecule each of the atoms that end up in glucose originally came from: _______ ________ _________ CO2 CO2 H2O

Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in CAM plants Molecule that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions Mesophyll cells NADP+ NADPH, ATP, and O2

Another name for the Calvin cycle is ______________ Tell the equation for photosynthesis Where is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP in the light dependent reactions? Light independent reactions (used to be called dark reactions) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy → 6 O2 + C6H12O6 On stroma side of thylakoid membrane

In which type of cell does the Calvin cycle happen in C3 plants Why are C3 plants called C3? When NADPH levels are higher than ATP what happens to the path of electrons in the light reactions? mesophyll The first step in carbon fixation in these plants produces a 3 carbon sugar Switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flow to make more ATP for Calvin cycle

RuBP carboxylase has the greatest affinity for ______ CO2 O2 Why are C4 plants called C4? O2 That’s why plants switch to photorespiration when CO2 is low The first step in carbon fixation in these plants produces a 4 carbon sugar

Fix carbon in mesophyll cells WHERE DOES IT GO? Where is carbon fixed? When is carbon fixed? Enzyme that catalyzes first step in carbon fixation? C4 plants CAM plants Fix carbon in mesophyll cells Carbon fixation Carbon fixation happens in day happens at night PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP

Calvin cycle happens Calvin cycle happens WHERE DOES IT GO? Where does Calvin cycle happen? When does Calvin cycle happen? How is carbon fixation and Calvin cycle separated? C4 plants CAM plants Calvin cycle happens Calvin cycle happens in bundle sheath cells in mesophyll cells Calvin happens during day Carbon fixation/ Carbon fixation/ Calvin cycle separated Calvin cycle separated spatially spatially Fixation in mesophyll fixation at night Calvin in Bundle Calvin during day sheath cells

photophosphorylation Process of using H+ gradient to generate ATP = ________________________ (Can refer to ATP made in mitochondria too) Process of creating ATP using a Proton gradient created by the energy gathered from sunlight. Process that consumes oxygen, releases CO2, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide = ___________________________________ chemiosmosis photophosphorylation photorespiration