MONDAY 1.Draft orthographic projections from a given parallel projection drawing. 2.Draw an isometric drawing from given orthographic projections. TUESDAY Multiple choice Calculators not allowed on either portion. No extra time to complete test will be available. TEST 2 REVIEW: Communication Technology Test Thursday and Friday

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-1 Telephone T.V. Remote Alarm Clock Thermostat When answering this type of question… SOURCE of communication to DESTINATION of communication The large orange # refers to the test review sheet

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-1 INPUTS PROCESSESOUTPUTS GOALS FEEDBACK Control Communication Technology Transmitted Communication Encoder Transmitter Receiver Decoder Storage Retrieval Received Communication Input Process Output SOURCE DESTINATION TECHNOLOGY Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-1 Telephone Communication One of the simplest devices in your house You speak into the microphone Input Processes Friend hears voice Output Encoder Transmitter Receiver Decoder Storage Retrieval Microphone – converts sound energy of voice into electrical energy (encodes)Wires – the electrical energy travels from your phone, via exchanges, to your friend’sReceiver – friend’s earpiece speaker converts the electrical energy back to soundAnswering Machine – friend isn’t home, and this machine stores your communicationPlay Button – friend gets home, presses play, hears your recorded voice What part of this technology system is an example of Human to Machine communication?

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 Television (1925) –Greek: tele – far, Latin: visio – seeing –4 main parts (cathode ray tube) –Electron gun fires 3 beams –Steering coils move electron beam across screen –Phosphorus screen has over 200,000 pixels –Glass tube holds it all together –Signals are broadcasted like radio signals Telecommunications Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-2 Radio: Goal: Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate Source: Sounds and Information Encoder: Devices that convert sound and info into a modulated sine wave (rapidly changing electric current in a wire) Sine wave contains no information. We need to modulate (vary) it. Problem: Assignment 2 and 3

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-2 Assingnment 2 and 3 REVIEW Radio: Goal: Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate Source: Sounds and Information Encoder: Devices convert sound and info into modulated sine waves Transmitter: Antennas radiate the radio waves into air (medium) Receiver: Antennas capture the radio waves from air Decoder: Devices convert radio waves back into sounds and data [Storage: Recording devices store sounds and data for playback] [Retrieval: Stored data can be accessed and played] Destination: Consumers’ ears and eyes

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-2 Drill 1.A device that changes a message into a form that can be transmitted 2.A device that sends a signal (i.e., encoded message) 3.A device that acquires a signal (i.e., encoded message) 4.A device that changes a coded message into an understandable form Decoder Encoder Receiver Transmitter Data Match the statements with the correct term below:

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-2 Communication Knowledge Information Storage 1.Unorganized facts 2.Organized data 3.Information applied to a task 4.The sending and receiving of information Data Match the statements with the correct term below: Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-2 Assignment 2 and 3- REVIEW Radio: Pulse Modulation: turn the voltage (sine wave) on/off (Morse Code) Amplitude Modulation: vary the amplitude (peak-to-peak) voltage Frequency Modulation: vary the frequency (speed) PM AM FM Encoder: Devices that convert sound and information into a modulated sine wave

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 –Print Graphic Communication Visual, lingual messages that include printed media –Photographic Communication Using photographs, slides, or motion pictures to communicate a message –Telecommunications Communicating over a distance –Technical Graphic Communication Specific information about a product or its parts Size and shape, how to install, adjust, operate, maintain, or assemble a device Classes of Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Print Graphic Communication 2.Photographic Communication 3.Telecommunications 4.Technical Graphic Communication Matching Classes TelephoneHeadphones BookComputer VideotapeRemote Control DVDPainting MagazineCamera PhotographComic Strip NewspaperBillboard 3 1 2, ,2

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 –Major Processes: Relief –A modeled work that is raised (or lowered) from a flat background. –Cuneiform by the Sumerians ~6000 years ago. –Wood block printing ~200 C.E. –Movable type printing ~1040 C.E. (Gutenberg ~1450) –Intaglio (in-tal-yo) ~1430 –Rotary printing press ~1843 Lithography (offset printing) ~1796 –The source and destination are not on raised surfaces –Grease and water do not readily mix –A chemical process –Most modern books and newspapers Print Graphic Communication Intaglio (in-tal-yo) 1. Depressions cut into printing plate 2. The plate is covered in ink3. Excess ink is removed from surface 4. Paper placed on plate and compressed 5. Paper is removed and ink has been transferred By 593 A.D., the first printing press was invented in China, and the first printed newspaper was available in Beijing in 700 A.D. It was a woodblock printing. And the Diamond Sutra, the earliest known complete woodblock printed book with illustrations was printed in China in 868 A.D. And Chinese printer Bi Sheng invented movable type in 1041 A.D. in China. Low Relief High Relief Communication Technology Cuneiform

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 Screen Printing (~1000 C.E., China; 1907 England) –Mainly billboards, package labels, fabric designs –Uses a woven mesh (a screen) to support an ink blocking stencil. –The stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate. –A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas. Electrostatic (1938 / 1960s) –Photocopier, Laser Printer –Opposite charges attract Ink Jet (1980s) –Use a series of nozzles to spray ink directly on paper Print Graphic Communication Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 Photographic Communication –The process of using photographs to communicate a message –Photography – capturing light on a light-sensitive material such as film or electronic sensor –As a usable process, 1820s –Includes photographs, slides, and motion pictures Photographic Communication Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 Telecommunication –Communicating over a distance Tele – Greek, “far off” Communicare – Latin, “to share” –Rely on the principles of electricity and magnetism –2 types: Hardwired systems (telephone, cable, fiber-optic) Broadcast systems (radio and t.v., mobile phones) –Point-to-point: One transmitter and one receiver –Broadcast: One powerful transmitter to numerous receivers Telecommunications Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 –Smoke signals and drums –Chains of beacons (Middle Ages) Navigation signals Enemy troops approaching –Homing pigeons Carrier pigeons used as early as 1150 in Baghdad Olympic victors, Greece; Stock options, Europe –Optical telegraph (semaphore, 1792, France) Towers with pivoting shutters Information encoded by the position of the mechanical elements Telecommunications Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 –Telegraph (mid 1830s) First instrument used to send messages by means of wires and electric current A device interrupts the flow of a current through a wire Uses shorter and longer bursts of current to represent letters Device at receiving end converted electrical signal into clicks Operator/mechanical printer converted clicks into words Telegram – wires over land Cable – wires under water –Telephone (1876 – Bell and Gray) Greek: tele – far, phone – sound Telecommunications Communication Technology

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-4 Technical Graphic Communication Communication Technology –Engineering Drawing / Technical Illustration Communicates specific information –Size and shape –How parts are assembled –How to install, operate, adjust, maintain a device Hand methods –Sketching –Drafting Computer methods –CAD (AutoCAD, Sketchup, Inventor, ProEngineer, etc.)

Cover the 3 main technical drawing types and their ~12 variations Establish class standards for technical drawing Further develop and apply skills in drafting Develop and apply skills in Sketchup IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 Objectives Technical Graphic Communication The remainder of Unit 2: Technical Graphic Communication

One of many drafting techniques Quick way to show an idea that would be difficult to describe with words alone Used mainly in Engineering Design Process Step 2: Brainstorm, Research, and Generate Ideas NO DRAWING TOOLS (not even a straightedge) Rules of drawing STILL APPLY –Pull, don’t push –LIGHT construction lines –Use appropriate line weight and type IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 SKETCHES TYPE 1: SKETCHES

Orthographic Projections: –Ortho: straight or at right angles –Graphic: written down –Pro: forward –Jacere: to throw “To throw straight forward and write down” The method of representing the exact form of an object in 2 or more views on planes (usually at right angles to each other) IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 MULTI-VIEW TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

There are 6 standard views: Which views to use? –The different features of an object will suggest which views to draw. –Standard is: IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 MULTI-VIEW TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 How are orthographic projections drawn? MULTI-VIEW TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 Reference Planes: –Frontal Reference Plane »Front View –Horizontal Reference Plane »Top View –Profile Reference Plane »Side View MULTI-VIEW TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 –Frontal Reference Plane »Front View –Horizontal Reference Plane »Top View –Profile Reference Plane »Side View MULTI-VIEW TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW Which Reference Plane? HRP Which Reference Plane? PRP Which View? FRONT Which Reference Plane? HRP FRP Which View? RIGHT Which Reference Plane? Now, sketch the Horizontal Reference Plane and label the view and other planes.

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 Reference Planes: –Frontal Reference Plane »Front View –Horizontal Reference Plane »Top View –Profile Reference Plane »Side View MULTI-VIEW TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW Which Reference Plane? FRP Which Reference Plane? PRP Which View? TOP

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 Reference Planes: –You can also have multiple positions of the same reference planes MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 Sectional Views –How an object looks if a cut were made through it perpendicular to the direction of sight. –For example, if we cut the shape below at PRP 2 and drew the shape (including its “insides”) we would have a sectional view: SECTIONAL VIEWS TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-9 Sectional Views –Different materials have different sectional views SECTIONAL VIEWS TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Examples SECTIONAL VIEWS TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 So far, our standard 6 views are all visible using the three regular planes of projection –Frontal Reference Plane –Horizontal Reference Plane –Profile Reference Plane Those views are drawn TRUE SIZE However, inclines (slants) are not shown as true size in standard views. AUXILIARY VIEWS TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Inclines (slants) are not shown as true size in standard views. Each square below represents 1”. What are the widths of the front view and right side views? –9” and 4”, respectively AUXILIARY VIEWS TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW FRP HRP PRP Neither the front, top, or side view shows the true size and shape of the object’s inclined surface.

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 AUXILIARY VIEWS TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW FRP PRP Which Reference Plane? HRP ARP Auxiliary Reference Plane The ARP shows true form (shape and size) for inclines

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW SURFACE DEVELOPMENTS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Stretchout Pattern Development Used by many industries: –Pipes and ducts –Aircraft and automobile parts –Storage tanks –Cabinets –Boxes and cartons –Packages Packaging is a very large industry that uses surface developments. TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW SURFACE DEVELOPMENTS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Tells all that needs to be known for making a single part or a complete machine or structure –Precise size and shape –What materials are used –How finishing should be done (roughness/smoothness) –Degree of accuracy (% Error allowed) TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW WORKING DRAWINGS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Pictorial drawings show a likeness (shape) of an object as viewed by the eye. PICTORIAL DRAWINGS TYPE 3: PICTORIAL

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 ISOMETRIC TYPE 3: PICTORIAL Isometric Cube: 1) all lines equal length; 2) all faces equal area; 3) perimeter is a hexagon From Greek: Equal Measure –Isos: Equal –Metron: Measure The scale along each axis of the projection is the same True form parallel lines are shown as parallel (note colors below) All isometrics: simple construction

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Latin: perspicere – to see through An approximate representation of an image as it is perceived by the eye. The most characteristic feature of perspectives is that objects are drawn: Smaller as their distance from the observer increases PERSPECTIVE TYPE 3: PICTORIAL

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 A way of showing depth, like isometric Part orthographic / part isometric: –One face is true form –Parallel lines behind; either: »Full scale »Half scale »Three-quarter scale OBLIQUE TYPE 3: PICTORIAL

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Take an object and separate into individual parts Usually employed in instruction manuals Typically drawn in parallel projection (notice there is no perspective in the examples below) EXPLODED ASSEMBLY TYPE 3: PICTORIAL

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-10 Show the interior details of a product Often employed in instruction manuals Assists in understanding operation of product CUT-AWAY PICTORIAL TYPE 3: PICTORIAL

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 Turn in your 3-view assignment (include NAME) Match the type of Technical Graphics below with its type: Isometric Section Standard View Development Perspective Oblique Cut-away Pictorial Communication Technology DRILL A B C D EF G E B C F G D A

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 Which of the following images are parallel projections? TECHNICAL GRAPHICS Technical Graphic Communication

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 No drawing tools SKETCHES Technical Graphic Communication [REVIEW]

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 Standard Views Sectional Views Auxiliary Views Developments Working Drawings MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGS Technical Graphic Communication [REVIEW]

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 Show a likeness of an object as viewed by the eye Isometric Perspective Oblique Exploded Assembly Cutaway Pictorial Technical Graphic Communication PICTORIAL DRAWINGS [REVIEW]

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Line Weights 2.Line Types 3.Dimensioning 4.Scales CLASS STANDARDS Technical Graphic Communication

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 Four Weights in this class: Light: not noticeable from 2’ (nearly invisible) Medium: just noticeable from 2’ Heavy: obvious from 2’ (final weight for most objects) Very Heavy: only used for borders LINE WEIGHTS Technical Graphic Communication

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Construction/Layout Lines –LIGHT WEIGHT –ALL lines begin as these –DO NOT ERASE (unless there is a measuring error) 2.Guidelines –LIGHT WEIGHT –Used for LETTERING LINE TYPES CLASS STANDARDS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Object Lines: –HEAVY WEIGHT –The final line type for most objects 4.Hidden Lines: –HEAVY WEIGHT –Everything must be represented in each view, whether or not it can be seen –Interior and exterior features are projected from view to view in the same way –Parts not seen on the exterior of a view are drawn with hidden lines – short DASHES LINE TYPES CLASS STANDARDS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Centerlines: –MEDIUM WEIGHT –Centers of symmetrical objects, including circles –Used to locate views and dimensions LINE TYPES CLASS STANDARDS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Section Lines: –MEDIUM WEIGHT –Show materials in cross-section views –Different materials use different section lines LINE TYPES CLASS STANDARDS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Extension Lines: –MEDIUM WEIGHT –Extend from objects –Used for dimensioning 7.Dimension Lines: –MEDIUM WEIGHT –Used for dimensioning –Go between extension lines LINE TYPES CLASS STANDARDS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 CLASS STANDARDS 2 things are needed to describe an object completely: –Shape –Size Dimensioning: Size description –Units are required –Decimal or Fraction –Dimensions read from bottom or right side Include: –Extension line: begin 1/16” away from object and extend 1/16” beyond Dimension Line –Dimension line: use arrowheads, guidelines, and LETTER DIMENSIONING PREFERRED

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-11 Objects to be drawn may be small –Nanotechnology machine parts, for example Objects to be drawn may be big –Buildings, bridges, airliners, oil rigs, trucks, cars Full Scale drawings will not always fit on a sheet of paper Scale down or scale up ½” = 1’-0” ¼” = 1’-0” 1” = 14’-0” Scale must be indicated in your title block Architect’s Scale, Engineer’s Scale, Metric Scale make scaling drawings simpler. SCALES CLASS STANDARDS

1. Add width of front view to width of right view (depth). 2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5” 4.5” + 2” = 6.5” HORIZONTAL STARTING POINT 6.5” + 1.5” = 8” 3. Subtract from the total width. 10” – 8” = 2” 4. Divide by 2. Horizontal Starting Point = 1”

1. Add height of front view to height of top view (depth). 2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5” 3” + 2” = 5” VERTICAL STARTING POINT 5” + 1.5” = 6.5” 3. Subtract from the total height. 7.25” – 6.5” =.75” = 3/4” 4. Divide by 2. Vertical Starting Point =.375” = 3/8”

Vertical Starting Point is 7/8” Horizontal Starting Point = 1”

review Thursday’s Test You will be given the sheet below, including the border and title block. 1.Draw lettering guidelines 1/16” 2.Complete title block 3.Calculate starting point (vertical and horizontal) – NO CALCULATOR ALLOWED IOT POLY ENGINEERING

2-18 Isometrics are drawn with: –All object vertical lines are vertical –All object horizontal lines are drawn 30 degrees from the horizontal –All lines are drawn true size DRAWING ISOMETRICS Technical Graphic Communication

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-18 One of the most effective ways to sketch an object pictorially is to sketch it in isometric. 1.Start by sketching an enclosing box (absolute height, width, depth) – Construction Lines 2.Add in features 3.Darken all final lines Technical Graphic Communication DRAWING ISOMETRICS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-18 Front view is typically drawn first You must look at all views Technical Graphic Communication ISOMETRICS from ORTHOGRAPHICS Let each grid space = ½”

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Describe an isometric view 2.Prepare drawing paper 3.Locate center of drawing space 4.Plot starting point of drawing 5.Complete isometric drawing Technical Graphic Communication DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Describe an isometric view 1.Height 2.Width 3.Depth (of the front view) Technical Graphic Communication DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

2.Prepare drawing paper 3.Locate center of drawing space Technical Graphic Communication DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 45 degree triangle Construction Lines

4.Plot starting point of drawing Technical Graphic Communication DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS triangle 1) ½ W 2) ½ D 3) ½ H Starting Point

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Complete isometric drawing Technical Graphic Communication DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS Starting Point

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 2-21 Technical Graphic Communication DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

review Thursday’s Test You will be given the sheet below, including the border, title block, and isometric guidelines. 1.Draw lettering guidelines 1/16” 2.Complete title block 3.Calculate starting point 1.Draw “X” across drawing space 2.Pick the nearest intersection 3.Measure down to right ½ width 4.Measure down to left ½ depth 5.Measure straight down ½ height 4.Each grid space = ¼” IOT POLY ENGINEERING