The First Two Years of IMAGE Jim Burch Southwest Research Institute Magnetospheric Imaging Workshop Yosemite National Park, California February 5-8, 2002

Outline of Talk 1. Objectives of Magnetospheric Imaging Workshop 2. Summary of IMAGE Accomplishments During Prime Mission - EUV images of the plasmasphere - Radio sounding of the plasmasphere - ENA images of the plasma sheet, ring current, and ionospheric outflow - FUV images of the proton aurora 3. Introduction to October 21, 2001 Workshop Event 4. Plans for Extended Mission

Objectives of Magnetospheric Imaging Workshop Review Accomplishments of IMAGE Prime Mission Review Some of the Technological Challenges of IMAGE Foster Cooperative Research with Other Magnetospheric Missions, Ground-based Observations, and Theory/Modeling Efforts by Focusing on Specific Events. Review Plans for Extended Mission Review Plan for the First IMAGE Space Science Update

Plasmasphere Results

IMAGE 304 Å Plasmaspheric Imaging Observation of Plasmaspheric Tail in Afternoon Sector During a Magnetic Storm at 17:55 UT on August 11, 2000.

Plasmaspheric Shoulders Observed in IMAGE-EUV 304 Å Images May 24, :38 UT July 29, :16 UT Shoulders are Observed to Form in the Dawn Sector Following Northward IMF Turnings and Then Co-Rotate Through the Day Side [Goldstein et al., 2001].

Equipotentials Plasma Density Formation of Plasmaspheric Shoulder by Northward IMF Turnings [Goldstein et al., 2001]

Formation of Pre- Midnight Trough in Plasmasphere from 04:28 to 13:51 UT on May 9, 2001 [Sandel et al., 2001] IMAGE 304 Å Plasmaspheric Imaging

Rapid Inward Motion of Nightside Plasmapause During a Substorm at 02:13 to 09:22 UT on July 10, 2000 [Sandel et al., 2001].

IMAGE-RPI Sounding of the Plasmasphere Plasmagram traces show both field-aligned echo (blue path) and direct echo (green path) from inside the plasmasphere [Carpenter et al., 2001].

IMAGE-RPI Detection of Source of Kilometric Continuum Radiation [Green et al., 2001] EUV imager detects “bite outs” in plasmasphere. RPI data show that kilometric continuum is generated deep within bite outs and is beamed along magnetic equator from a confined source region.

Magnetic Storms and Magnetospheric Substorms

HENA keV Ions WIC LBH Aurora Image 06 IMAGE-HENA Images of a Magnetic Dipolarization Event October 4, 2000 (09: :10 UT) [Brandt, Roelof et al., 2001] 00 18

IMAGE Observation of a Symmetric Ring Current in Energetic Neutral Atoms [Burch et al., 2001].

[Mitchell et al., 2001] keV keV

Ionospheric Outflow

Ionospheric Outflow in Response to Solar Wind Pressure Pulses [Fuselier et al., 2001]

Proton Aurora

FUV-SI Images of Subauroral Proton Arc (Q-Aurora) Q-Aurora Appears When Main Oval Contracts Following Northward IMF Turning [Burch et al., 2001]. 23:50 UT 00:41 UT Nov. 10, 2000

Proton Aurora Images of Cusp Response to North-South IMF Transition [Fuselier et al., 2001]

Feasibility of Using Interspacecraft Radio Links to Image Total Electron Content

IMAGE and WIND Single-Frequency Faraday Rotation Experiment Aug 15, 2000 Orbit Raw Data Unducted 828 kHz RPI signal received by WIND/WAVES 6–8 Re distant [Cummer et al., GRL, p. 1131, 2001].

Data Analysis and Interpretation 828 kHz RPI Signal Modulation Signal modulation gives Faraday rotation Single-frequency FR gives relative path-integrated N e B product Path-Integrated Magnetospheric Parameters  N e kB/  k  dl) (T/m 2) UT (Aug. 15, 2000) T/m 2

Some Scientific Accomplishments of IMAGE Confirmed Theory of Plasmaspheric Tails Discovered New Features of Plasmasphere (Shoulders, Troughs, Cavities, etc.) and Identified Their Causes and/or Effects Identified Plasmaspheric Cavities as Source Regions for Kilometric Continuum Radiation Clarified Relationships Between Substorms and Magnetic Storms (e.g., O + Injection into Ring Current Caused by Substorms Obtained Global Images of Substorm Dipolarization in the Plasma Sheet Discovered Subauroral Proton Arcs and the Role of the IMF in their Formation Established Global-Scale Ionospheric Outflow as Immediate Response to Solar-Wind Pressure Pulses Demonstrated the Feasibility of Using Interspacecraft Radio Links to Image Total Electron Content Obtained the first measurements of solar-wind neutral atoms and interstellar neutral atoms from inside the magnetosphere.

October 21, 2001 Workshop Event

21 October 2001 Geomagnetic Storm: Timeline

Plans for Extended Mission

The extended IMAGE mission focuses on geomagnetic activity during the declining phase of the solar cycle. The evolution of the IMAGE orbit provides a new, mid- and low-latitude and ultimately southern hemisphere viewing perspective. Objectives of the IMAGE Extended Mission

Prime Mission ( ) solar maximum high-latitude, northern hemisphere viewing Extended Mission ( ) declining phase of the solar cycle mid- & low-latitude, southern hemisphere viewing Evolution of IMAGE Orbit During Extended Mission

Study seasonal and solar cycle variations in solar wind neutral flux Search for ENAs formed by charge exchange between solar wind ions and interstellar neutrals Determine the angular width and start and stop dates of the interstellar neutral signal observed between late December and early February Extended Studies of Solar Wind and Interstellar Neutral Atoms