© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 1 Operations Management Chapter 10 Human Resources and Job Design David Simarmata Erdita Nimas B Simon Novan

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 2 The objective of a human resource strategy is to manage labor and design jobs so people are effectively and efficiently utilized 1.People should be effectively utilized within the constraints of other operations management decisions 2.People should have a reasonable quality of work life in an atmosphere of mutual commitment and trust

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 3 HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGY Product strategy Skills needed Talents needed Materials used Safety What Schedules Time of day Time of year (seasonal) Stability of schedules When Location strategy Climate Temperature Noise Light Air quality Where Process strategy Technology Machinery and equipment used Safety Procedure Individual differences Strength and fatigue Information processing and response Who Layout strategy Fixed position Process Assembly line Work cell Product How

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 4 1.Follow demand exactly  Matches direct labor costs to production  Incurs costs in hiring and termination, unemployment insurance, and premium wages  Labor is treated as a variable cost Employment Stability Policies 2.Hold employment constant  Maintains trained workforce  Minimizes hiring, termination, and unemployment costs  Employees may be underutilized during slack periods  Labor is treated as a fixed cost

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 5  Standard work schedule  Five eight-hour days  Flex-time  Allows employees, within limits, to determine their own schedules  Flexible work week  Fewer but longer days  Part-time  Fewer, possibly irregular, hours

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 6  Specify who can do what  Specify when they can do it  Specify under what conditions they can do it  Often result of union contracts  Restricts flexibility in assignments and consequently efficiency of production

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 7  Specifying the tasks that constitute a job for an individual or a group 1.Job specialization 2.Job expansion 3.Psychological components 4.Self-directed teams 5.Motivation and incentive systems

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 8  The division of labor into unique tasks  First suggested by Adam Smith in Development of dexterity and faster learning 2.Less loss of time 3.Development of specialized tools  Later Charles Babbage (1832) added another consideration 4.Wages exactly fit the required skill

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 9  Adding more variety to jobs  Intended to reduce boredom associated with labor specialization  Job enlargement  Job rotation  Job enrichment  Employee empowerment

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 10 Figure 10.2 Task #3 (Lock printed circuit board into fixture for next operation) Present job (Manually insert and solder six resistors) Task #2 (Adhere labels to printed circuit board) Enlarged job Enriched job Planning (Participate in a cross- function quality improvement team) Control (Test circuits after assembly)

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 11 Human resource strategy requires consideration of the psychological components of job design

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 12  They studied light levels, but discovered productivity improvement was independent from lighting levels  Introduced psychology into the workplace  The workplace social system and distinct roles played by individuals may be more important than physical factors  Individual differences may be dominant in job expectation and contribution

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 13  Skill variety  Job identity  Job significance  Autonomy  Feedback Jobs should include the following characteristics

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 14 Specialization Enlargement Self-directed teams Empowerment Enrichment Job expansion Increasing reliance on employee’s contribution and increasing responsibility accepted by employee

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 15  Group of empowered individuals working together to reach a common goal  May be organized for long-term or short-term objectives  Effective because  Provide employee empowerment  Ensure core job characteristics  Meet individual psychological needs

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 16  Ensure those who have legitimate contributions are on the team  Provide management support  Ensure the necessary training  Endorse clear objectives and goals  Financial and non-financial rewards  Supervisors must release control To maximize effectiveness, managers should

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 17  Improved quality of work life  Improved job satisfaction  Increased motivation  Allows employees to accept more responsibility  Improved productivity and quality  Reduced turnover and absenteeism

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 18 1.Higher capital cost 2.Individuals may prefer simple jobs 3.Higher wages rates for greater skills 4.Smaller labor pool 5.Higher training costs

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 19  Bonuses - cash or stock options  Profit-sharing - profits for distribution to employees  Gain sharing - rewards for improvements  Incentive plans - typically based on production rates  Knowledge-based systems - reward for knowledge or skills

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 20  Ergonomics is the study of the interface between man and machine  Often called human factors  Operator input to machines

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 21  Feedback to operators  The work environment  Illumination  Noise  Temperature  Humidity

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 22 Figure 10.4

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 23 Task ConditionType of Task or Area Illumination Level Type of Illumination Small detail, extreme accuracy Sewing, inspecting dark materials 100Overhead ceiling lights and desk lamp Normal detail, prolonged periods Reading, parts assembly, general office work 20-50Overhead ceiling lights Good contrast, fairly large objects Recreational facilities 5-10Overhead ceiling lights Large objectsRestaurants, stairways, warehouses 2-5Overhead ceiling lights Table 10.2

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 24 EnvironmentCommon Noise NoisesSourcesDecibels Jet takeoff (200 ft)120 | Electric furnace areaPneumatic hammer100Very annoying | Printing press plantSubway train (20 ft)90 | Pneumatic drill (50 ft)80Ear protection Inside sports car (50 mph)| required if Vacuum cleaner (10 ft)70 exposed for 8 Near freeway (auto traffic)Speech (1 ft)| or more hours 60Intrusive Private business office| Light traffic (100 ft)Large transformer (200 ft)50Quiet | Minimum levels, Chicago 40 residential areas at night Soft whisper (5 ft)| Studio (speech)30Very quiet Table 10.3

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 25  Focuses on how task is performed  Methods techniques are used to analyze 1.Movement of individuals or material  Flow diagrams and process charts 2.Activities of human and machine and crew activity  Activity charts 3.Body movement  Micro-motion charts

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 26 Storage bins Machine 1 Mach. 2 Mach. 3Mach. 4 From press mach. Paint shop Welding Figure 10.5 (a)

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 27 Storage bins Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3 Machine 4 From press mach. Paint shop Welding Figure 10.5 (b)

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 28 Figure 10.5 (c)

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 29 Figure 10.6

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 30 Figure 10.7

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 31  Use low-cost visual devices to share information quickly and accurately  Displays and graphs replace printouts and paperwork  Able to provide timely information in a dynamic environment  System should focus on improvement

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 32  Present the big picture  Performance  Housekeeping Visual signals can take many forms and serve many functions

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 33 Visual utensil holder encourages housekeeping A “3-minute service” clock reminds employees of the goal Figure 10.8

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 34 Visual signals at the machine notify support personnel inventory and foster JIT Visual kanbans reduce inventory and foster JIT Andon Line/machine stoppage Parts/ maintenance needed All systems go Part APart BPart C Reorder point Figure 10.8

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 35 Quantities in bins indicate ongoing daily requirements and clipboards provide information on schedule changes Process specifications and operating procedures are posted in each work area Figure 10.8

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 36  Fairness, equity, and ethics are important constraints of job design  Important issues may relate to equal opportunity, equal pay for equal work, and safe working conditions  Helpful to work with government agencies, trade unions, insurers, and employees

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 37  Effective manpower planning is dependent on a knowledge of the labor required  Labor standards are the amount of time required to perform a job or part of a job  Accurate labor standards help determine labor requirements, costs, and fair work

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 38 1.Labor content of items produced 2.Staffing needs 3.Cost and time estimates 4.Crew size and work balance 5.Expected production 6.Basis of wage incentive plans 7.Efficiency of employees

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 39 May be set in four ways: 1.Historical experience 2.Time studies 3.Predetermined time standards 4.Work sampling

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 40  How the task was performed last time  Easy and inexpensive  Data available from production records or time cards  Data is not objective and may be inaccurate  Not recommended

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 41  Involves timing a sample of a worker’s performance and using it to set a standard  Requires trained and experienced observers  Cannot be set before the work is performed

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 42 1.Define the task to be studied 2.Divide the task into precise elements 3.Decide how many times to measure the task 4.Time and record element times and rating of performance

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 43 5.Compute average observed time Average observed time Sum of the times recorded to perform each element Number of observations = 6.Determine performance rating and normal time Normal time = x Average observed time Performance rating factor

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 44 7.Add the normal times for each element to develop the total normal time for the task 8.Compute the standard time Standard time = Total normal time 1 - Allowance factor

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 45  Divide manual work into small basic elements that have established times  Can be done in a laboratory away from the actual production operation  Can be set before the work is actually performed  No performance ratings are necessary

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 46  Estimates percent of time a worker spends on various tasks  Requires random observations to record worker activity  Determines how employees allocate their time  Can be used to set staffing levels, reassign duties, estimate costs, and set delay allowances

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 47  Advantages of work sampling  Less expensive than time study  Observers need little training  Studies can be delayed or interrupted with little impact on results  Worker has little chance to affect results  Less intrusive

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 48  Disadvantages of work sampling  Does not divide work elements as completely as time study  Can yield biased results if observer does not follow random pattern  Less accurate, especially when job element times are short

© 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.10 – 49  Bring company value into company culture – experience strategy  The employees are not just the best available for the position, they are the best qualified as well – long term objectives  People development  Build job satisfaction and motivations from psychological and monetary factors.