The Traveling Salesman Problem Approximation Rachit Shah March 3 Class Notes CSE Department UTA Arlington CSE 6311 Adv Comp Models and Algorithms Prof: Dr Gautam Das

Traveling Salesman Problem Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP): Given a complete graph with nonnegative edge costs, Find a minimum cost cycle visiting every vertex exactly once. Application (Example): Given a number of cities and the costs of traveling from any city to any other city, what is the cheapest round-trip route that visits each city exactly once and then returns to the starting city

Triangle Inequality a + b ≥ c For example, cost of an edge as the euclidian distance between two points. Metric Traveling Salesman Problem (metric TSP): Given a complete graph with edge costs satisfying triangle inequalities, Find a minimum cost cycle visiting every vertex exactly once. a c b

Metric TSP approximation The cost function satisfies the triangle inequality for all vertices u, v, w in V c(u,w) <= c(u,v) + c(v,w) Eulerian graphs and Eulerian circuits: Eulerian circuit: cycle that uses each edge exactly once Eulerian graph: graph with a Eulerian circuit An undirected graph is Eulerian iff each vertex has even degree

Approximate-TSP-tour (G) Find MST T of G Double every edge of the MST to get a Eulerian graph G’ Idea: Get a tour from Minimum spanning tree without increasing its cost too much (at most twice). Find an Eulerian circuit E on G’ Output the vertices of G in order of appearance in E

First let’s compare the optimal solutions of MST and TSP for any problem instance G=(V,E) Optimal MST sol-n Optimal TSP sol-n A tree obtained from the tour (*) Cost (Opt. TSP sol-n) Cost (Opt. MST sol-n) ≥ Cost (of this tree) ≥

What is the cost of the tour compared to the cost of MST? 1 2 3 4 5 6

Analysis This is a 2 approximation algorithm MST < Euler Cycle = 2 * MST <= 2.0 TSP Can we improve this? The previous algorithm was a factor 2 algorithm. Recall Step 2: Double every edge of the MST to get a Eulerian graph G’ If we can work avoid this, we could possibly have a better solution !

Perfect Matching Matching: a matching is a subset M of E such that for all vertices v in V, at most one edge is incident on v. Perfect Matching: is a matching M such that for all vertices v in V exactly one edge of M is incident on v.

Minimum Weight Matching Perfect matching with minimum sum of weights Input: Complete weighted graph s, |v| is even Output: A pair of values (vi, vj) such that the sum of weights is smallest.

1.5 approximation algorithm (Known as Christofides Heuristics) Find a MST T of G Find a minimum weight (perfect) matching M on the set of odd degree vertices in T. Add M to T to get the Eulerian graph G’ Find an Eulerian circuit E on G’ by skipping vertices already seen (shortcutting) Output the vertices of G in order of appearance in E

Step 2: Even nodes with odd degree?? How can I know that I always have even number of nodes, which have odd degree, for me to do the MATCHING? Let Sum(d) = 2m, where m= number of edges. Therefore Sum(d) is even. Let SumEven(d) to be the sum of degrees of the vertices which have even degree, SumEven(d) is also even. Therefore SumOdd(d)=Sum(d)-SumEven(d) = 2k, k=1,2,…, which means that the sum of degrees of the vertices which have odd degree each is also an even number. Thus there are even numbers of vertices which have odd number of degree.

Analysis TSP = match1 + match2 (we can divide TSP in two mutually exclusive matchings) MWM <= min{ match1, match2} Match1 + match 2 = TSP MWM + MWM <= TSP (MWM <= match1 and MWM <= match2) MWM <= .5 TSP MST < Euler Cycle = MST + MWM <= TSP + .5 TSP = 1.5 TSP