Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage in Australia Gary Banks Chairman, Productivity Commission OECD WORLD FORUM Statistics, Knowledge and Policy Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies Poverty and social exclusion Istanbul June 2007

2 Income distribution is skewed for Indigenous people Gross weekly equivalised household incomes,

3 A 17 year gap in life expectancy

4 Other headline gaps are sizeable

5 A marked difference in age profile All personsIndigenous FemaleMaleFemaleMale

Referendum granted equality

7 New approaches n whole-of-government n recognising diversity n from passive welfare to shared responsibility n economic development and private property n improving Indigenous governance

8 A strategic framework Tier 1 Tier 2 Priority Outcomes & Headline Indicators Strategic areas & Indicators

9 The priority outcomes are inter-related

10 A dozen headline indicators Life expectancy at birth Disability and chronic disease Years 10 and 12 retention and attainment Post secondary education – participation and attainment Labour force participation and unemployment Household and individual income Home ownership Suicide and self harm Substantiated child abuse and neglect Deaths from homicide and hospitalisations for assault Family and community violence Imprisonment and juvenile detention rates

11 Strategic areas for action Headline indicators Strategic change indicators

12 Housing overcrowding causes multiple problems

13 Changes in selected headline indicators Percentage change over various periods

14 Early child development and growth Early child development and growth Early school engagement and performance Positive childhood and transition to adulthood Substance use and misuse Functional and resilient families and communities Effective environmental health systems Economic participation and development – Injury and preventable diseases – Infant mortality – Birthweight – Hearing impediments – Children with tooth decay

15 Infant mortality has fallen

16 Early school engagement & performance Early child development and growth Early school engagement and performance Positive childhood and transition to adulthood Substance use and misuse Functional and resilient families and communities Effective environmental health systems Economic participation and development – Preschool and early learning – School attendance – Year 3 literacy and numeracy

17 Year 3 learning gap: only slight improvement Proportion of students achieving reading minimum benchmark

18 Positive childhood & transition to adulthood Early child development and growth Early school engagement and performance Positive childhood and transition to adulthood Substance use and misuse Functional and resilient families and communities Effective environmental health systems Economic participation and development – Years 5 and 7 literacy and numeracy – Retention at year 9 – Indigenous cultural studies – Juvenile diversions – Transition from school to work

19 Educational disparities progressively widen Proportion of students who achieved the numeracy benchmark

20 Substance use and misuse Early child development and growth Early school engagement and performance Positive childhood and transition to adulthood Substance use and misuse Functional and resilient families and communities Effective environmental health systems Economic participation and development – Alcohol consumption and harm – Tobacco consumption and harm – Drug and other substance use and harm

21 Risky alcohol drinking rates remain high Alcohol consumption at long term risky to high risk levels, people aged 18 years and over living in non-remote areas

22 Functional & resilient families & communities Early child development and growth Early school engagement and performance Positive childhood and transition to adulthood Substance use and misuse Functional and resilient families and communities Effective environmental health systems Economic participation and development – Children on care and protection orders – Repeat offending – Access to primary health care – Mental health – Proportion of Indigenous people with access to their traditional lands – Participation in organised sport, arts or community group activities – Engagement with service delivery

23 Rising disparity in hospitalisations for potentially preventable conditions

24 Effective environmental health systems Early child development and growth Early school engagement and performance Positive childhood and transition to adulthood Substance use and misuse Functional and resilient families and communities Effective environmental health systems Economic participation and development – Rates of diseases associated with poor environmental health – Access to clean water and functional sewerage – Overcrowding in housing

25 Hospitalisation of children for environmental diseases has decreased

26 Economic participation & development Early child development and growth Early school engagement and performance Positive childhood and transition to adulthood Substance use and misuse Functional and resilient families and communities Effective environmental health systems Economic participation and development – Employment (full-time/part-time) by sector, industry and occupation – Self employment and Indigenous business – Indigenous owned or controlled land – Governance capacity and skills – Case studies in governance arrangements

27 Indigenous unemployment has fallen

28 Success factors in things that work: Cooperative approaches Bottom-up community involvement Ongoing support Good governance Including in Government

29 Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision