Chris de Neubourg Professor of Public Policy Analysis and Management

An introductory example 2005 Ministry Social Affairs reformed Social Assistance in The Netherlands Social Assistance (Bijstand) = cash benefits for the poor guaranteeing a minimum income to all residents Devolution (= decentralisation of [part of] the financing and the implementation)

Governance Many definitions, many ways to describe/analyse its elements For this presentation focus on 2 elements TRANSPARENCY ACCOUNTABILITY

Tranparency Clarity in policy decision making Clarity in policy design Clarity in policy process

Transparency in Policy Design Policy Objectives Policy Instruments Policy Results –Expected results –Risks (an their impact on the expected results) –Analysis of the unintended consequences Financing –How much –Paid by whom –(unfunded) mandates Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan

Transparency in Policy Process Decision makers and consultations Who are the actors – single actor – multiple actors (governance) Their roles and weights Consultations Who is listened to formally and informally (voters, beneficiaries, interest groups, private interests, NGO’s, parliament, commissions, …)

Accountability Amenibility (giving and account) In political terms In technical terms

Accountability in political context Formal accountability –Regulations for (semi) public sector institutions –Regulations for private sector institutions –Oversight procedures –Accounting rules –Control rules (of processes, of adequacy of control mechanisms – e.g. IT, internal – external) Informal accountability –Accountability to voters (all voters?) to beneficiaries (also non- beneficiaries?), to sponsors (taxpayers? International sponsors?)

Accountability in technical terms Monitoring –Is policy implemented according to formal processes ? –Is policy implemented according to the procedures ? –Are the direct results attained ? Evaluation –Are the objectives met ? –Is the financing secured over the longer term ? –Unintended and unforeseen consequences ? –Incentives and adverse (perverse) incentives ? –Impact evaluations

(Public) Policy Analysis Policy Design Monitoring and Evaluation

Too many aspect in the policy analysis process to be discussed today (MSc. in Public Policy) Focus: illustrating how getting the diagnostics accurate = contributing to better governance Getting the diagnostics as accurate as possible helps in many steps of POLICY DESIGN and in M&E But one preliminary remark

All elements in Policy Design are important Policy Objectives Policy Instruments Policy Results –Expected results –Risks (an their impact on the expected results) –Analysis of the unintended consequences Financing –How much –Paid by whom –(unfunded) mandates Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan

Getting the diagnostics accurate helps in all the elements of Policy Design Policy Objectives Policy Instruments Policy Results –Expected results –Risks (an their impact on the expected results) –Analysis of the unintended consequences Financing –How much –Paid by whom –(unfunded) mandates Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan

An example on children UNICEF and many (if not all) governments think that it is important to improve the situation of children In order to improve the situation of children we need to know the situation of children at the start of our policy design process Situation Analysis is made by UNICEF in all programme countries (SitAN) A tool to describe the situation of children in a country MODA (Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis)

MODA Ultimate Objectives Identifying, locating and profiling poor and deprived individuals/children Understanding why individuals/children are- and remain poor and under what conditions poverty is reproduced over the generation Multidimensional poverty research = relatively new tool

Poverty and deprivation Child is poor when he/she lives in a household with not enough financial means Child is deprived when he/she lacks things that are needed for its development (clean water, adequate sanitation, schooling, health services, …) They overlap but are not the same

Overlap between monetary poverty and deprivation among children below the age of five in Dominican Republic (DHS, 2007)

The single framework: MODA Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis Encompassing: -Single indicator analysis -Single dimension analysis -Multidimensional deprivation counting -Multidimensional overlap analysis -Multidimensional poverty indices and their decomposition -Profiling in single deprivation and dimension analysis -Profiling in multidimensional overlap analysis -Focussed on children in current application but applicable to adults -Possible thanks to abundant availability of data

Figure 2 – Life-cycle stages and dimensions used for the CC-MODA analysis Application: deprivations: dimensions and indicators

EU-MODA: Dimensions of deprivation Below minimum compulsory school age (excluding those under one) Nutrition Clothing Early childhood education and care (ECEC) Child development Information Housing School age, under 16 Nutrition Clothing Educational resources Leisure Social Information Housing Age Clothing Activity Leisure and social Healthcare access Information Housing Age 17-18: no data for BE, CZ, DK, FI, IS, NL, NO, SE, SI, UK due to high incidence of missing values

Single deprivation analysis France 0 – 4 years

Deprivation distribution among children under the age of five in Ethiopia (DHS, 2011) Multidimensional analysis: COUNTING

Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Tunisia Multidimensional analysis: OVERLAP 1

Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Ethiopia Multidimensional analysis: OVERLAP 2

Deprivation distribution among children under the age of five living in urban areas, depending on the relative wealth of their households (Ethiopia, DHS, 2011) Profiling 1

Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Ethiopia Profiling 2

Concluding New available data in many areas of (public) policy New statistical and IT options and technologies It is possible make better diagnoses (Situation Analyses) Better diagnoses lead to more transparency and accountability and thus to better governance

Transparency in policy design (objectives, instruments, results and financing) Transparency in policy process: provides a better basis for multi-actors to discuss, to consult Accountability: provides a better identification of the items to be held accountable for; facilitates the definition of formal and informal processes Accountability: defines the terms in which M&E should be undertaken