Kingdom: Protista Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

Similar to Bacteria Unicellular One of the first groups of living things on Earth. (1.5 billion years ago.) Microscopic Can cause disease. Can be parasites Most reproduce asexually with binary fission

Difference from Bacteria Has a nucleus. Live in watery environment. Generally live as individual cells. Protists vary greatly in appearance and function.

3 Categories I. Animal-like Protists. II. Plant-like Protists. III. Fungus-like Protists.

I. Animal-like Protists Protozoan means “First Animal”. Cells contain a nucleus. Cells lack a cell wall. They are heterotrophs. Most can move on their own.

4 Groups of Animal-like Protists 1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz) 2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts) 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts) 4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)

1. Sarcodines Have pseudopods (Greek: “false foot”) Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food. Many have shells. These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

One type: Most familiar Sarcodine. Pseudopods: Blob shaped. Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside Food Vacuole : where food is digested.

Splitting Amoebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells ( binary fission ). Amoebas can respond to their environment. They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

2. Ciliates Have cilia on the outside of their cells. Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

Type: Paramecium Pellicle : tough outer wall. Oral groove: like the mouth Gullet: holds food. Food Vacuole: digests food. Anal Pore: removes wastes 2 Contractile Vacuoles 2 Nuclei Reproduces by either binary fission or c onjugation.

3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates) Have a Flagellum : a long whip-like structure used for movement. Many live in other animals

4. Sporozoans All Sporozans are parasites. They feed on cells and body fluids. Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells). Pass from one host to another. Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.

II. Plant-like Protists (Algae) Unicellular and Multicellular Colonies (groups of unicellular protists) Can move on their own Autotrophs : make their own food from simple materials using light energy (photosynthesis). 70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists! Pigments : chemicals that produce color

6 Groups of Plant like Protists Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz) Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz) Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh- layts) Red Algae Green Algae Brown Algae

1. Euglenoids Green Unicellular Live in fresh water Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions. Flagella Eyespot: sensitive to light. Chloroplasts Pellicle

2. Diatoms Unicellular 10,000 living species. Aquatic Glass like cell wall Diatomaceous earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

3. Dinoflagellates Unicellular Cell walls are like plates of armor. Two flagella Spins when it moves. Colorful (pigments) Can glow in the dark. Causes Red Tide (sometimes bioluminescent)

Red Algae Multicellular seaweeds Live in deep ocean waters Used for ice cream and hair conditioner Used as food in Asia

Green Algae Most are unicellular Some form colonies Few are multicellular Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places. Very closely related to green plants.

Brown Algae Commonly called seaweed Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments. Attach to rocks Have air bladders Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long! Used as food thickeners

III. Fungus-like Protists Heterotrophs Have cell walls. Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives. Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

Water & Downy Molds Live in water or moist places. Tiny threads that look like fuzz. Attack food crops Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

Type: Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies: The Fruiting Bodies contain Spores. At first they look like ameba, then later they look like mold. Live on moist shady places. Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.