Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Chapter 13 Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] OBJECTIVES Become familiar with the characteristics of a sinusoidal waveform and general format. Be able to determine the phase relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency. Understand how to calculate the average and effective values of any waveform.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] INTRODUCTION FIG Alternating waveforms. Alternating waveforms  The term alternating indicates only that the waveform alternates between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS Generation FIG Various sources of ac power: (a) generating plant; (b) portable ac generator; (c) wind-power station; (d) solar panel; (e) function generator

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS FIG Important parameters for a sinusoidal voltage. Instantaneous value, Peak amplitude Peak-to-peak value, Periodic waveform Period (T), Cycle, Frequency

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] FREQUENCY SPECTRUM FIG Areas of application for specific frequency bands.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] Defined Polarities and Direction FIG (a) Sinusoidal ac voltage sources; (b) sinusoidal current sources.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM FIG There are 2π radians in one full circle of 360°.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM FIG Plotting a sine wave versus (a) degrees and (b) radians.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM FIG Demonstrating the effect of ψ on the frequency and period.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT FIG Basic sinusoidal function. i = I m sin  t = I m sin  e = E m sin  t = E m sin 

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] PHASE RELATIONS FIG Defining the phase shift for a sinusoidal function that crosses the horizontal axis with a positive slope after 0°. FIG Phase relationship between a sine wave and a cosine wave.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] PHASE RELATIONS FIG Example 13.12(a): i leads y by 40°.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] AVERAGE VALUE FIG Defining average value.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] AVERAGE VALUE FIG Effect of distance (length) on average value. FIG Effect of depressions (negative excursions) on average value.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] AVERAGE VALUE FIG Plotting speed versus time for an automobile excursion.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] AVERAGE VALUE FIG Example

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] AVERAGE VALUE FIG Example

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES FIG An experimental setup to establish a relationship between dc and ac quantities.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES The equivalent dc value of a sinusoidal current or voltage is of its peak value.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES FIG Example

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES FIG Example FIG The squared waveform of Fig

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES True rms Meters FIG True rms multimeter.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] ac METERS AND INSTRUMENTS Clamp-on Meters FIG Clamp-on ammeter and voltmeter. (Courtesy of AEMC® Instruments, Foxborough, MA.)

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] COMPUTER ANALYSIS Multisim FIG Using the oscilloscope to display the sinusoidal ac voltage source available in the Multisim Sources tool bin.

Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Boylestad Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson [imprint] COMPUTER ANALYSIS Multisim FIG Using the function generator to place a sinusoidal ac voltage waveform on the screen of the oscilloscope.