Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds Sometimes called carbon chemistry

Organic Chemistry The backbone element in the molecules of all living things is carbon

Carbon Chemistry Carbon is one of the only elements that can form long chains Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

Organic Chemistry Carbon forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens

Carbon Bonding Carbon has 4 valence electrons which can hybridize in many ways

Carbon Bonding To determine the hybridization, draw the Lewis Dot Diagram of the carbon compound

Hybridization sp 3 4-single bonds sp 2 2-single bonds & 1-double bond sp2 doubles or T + S

Multiple Bonds To make multiple bonds, p-orbitals are required

Hybridization sp 3 no p-orbitals sp 2 1 p-orbital sp2 p-orbitals

Single bonds & the first bond in multiple bonds involve end-to-end overlap: 

Multiple Bonds After the 1 st bond, any others are   bonds: side-to-side p-overlap

AX 4 or sp 3 H H-C-H H

AX 3 or sp 2 H C=O H

AX 2 or sp O=C=O H-C N

Carbon Bonds sp 3 4  bonds sp 2 3  & 1  bonds sp2  & 2  bonds

Carbon sp 3 Shapes AX 4 tetrahedral AX 3 Etrigonal pyramidal AX 2 E 2 v-shaped

AX 4 or sp 3 H H-C-H H

AX 3 E or sp 3.. R-N-H H

AX 2 E 2 or sp 3.. R-O: H

Carbon sp 2 Shapes AX 3 trigonal planar AX 2 Ev-shaped

AX 3 or sp 2 H C=O H

AX 2 E or sp 2 O S: R

Carbon sp Shape AX 2 linear

AX 2 or sp O=C=O H-C N