Inflammation

Inflammation definition

Inflammation – what for?

Regeneration, scarring

The inflammatory response consists of two main components: - vascular reaction - cellular reaction

Cells included in inflammatory reaction

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Lymphocytes

Plasma cells

Eosinophils

Inflammation –nomenclature

Inflammation is divided into: -acute inflammation -chronic inflammation

Acute inflammation

Acute inflammation Major components:

Acute inflammation Causes

Acute inflammation-vascular changes

Acute inflammation A hallmark of acute inflammation is increased vascular permeability leading to the escape of protein-rich fluid (exudate) into the extravascular tissue. A marked outflow of fluid and its accumulation in the interstitial tissue results in edema (inflammatory edema).

Acute inflammation – cellular reaction

Acute inflammation

Acute inflammation – phagocytosis

Acute inflammation Remember! During phagocytosis leukocytes release microbicidal and other products (lysosomal enzymes,prostaglandins and others) into the extracelular space. These products are capable of causing endothelial injury and tissue damage and may thus amplify the effects of the initial injurious agent. Thus, if persistent and unchecked, the leukocyte infiltrate itself becomes the offender. Leukocyte-dependent tissue injury underlies many acute and chronic human diseases.

Acute inflammation – outcomes 1.

Acute inflammation – outcomes 2.

Acute inflammation – outcomes 3.

Acute inflammation – outcomes 4.

Morphologic patterns of inflammation.

Morphologic patterns of inflammation. 1. Exudative inflammation 2. Destructive inflammation 3. Proliferative inflammation

Exudative inflammation

Exudative inflammation subtypes

Serous inflammation

Serous inflammation When serous inflammation affects mucinous membrane, the exudate is a mixture of fluid and mucus. It is sometimes called catharrh (from Latin word catarrhus). Example: rhinitis („running nose”).

Fibrinous inflammation

Ulcer

Purulent inflammation

Purulent inflammation –circumscribed.

Purulent inflammation – diffused Pyorrhea – purulent superficial inflammation of mucous or serous membrane. Phlegmon – deep inflammation of soft tissue (eg. subcutaneous tissue).

Purulent inflammation – gangrene.

Hemorhagic inflammation

Destructive inflammation

Proliferative inflammation

Chronic inflammation

Chronic inflammation – causes

Chronic inflammation – characteristic features

Acute versus chronic inflammation

Granulomatous inflammation 1

Granulomatous inflammation 2

Granulomatous inflammation 3

Granulomatous inflammation 4

Granulomatous inflammation 5

Granulomatous inflammation Epithelioid cell

Granulomatous inflammation Langhans-type giant cell

Granulomatous inflammation Granulomas