Voice Leading in Four-Part Chorale Writing Chapter 9 Voice Leading in Four-Part Chorale Writing

Four Voice Texture Music that is written in four voices: SATB Soprano Alto Tenor Bass SATB The four individual lines come together, making a chord, while maintaining smooth melodic connections from pitch to pitch.

Chorale Congregational hymns in the German Protestant church Johann Sebatian Bach spent the majority of his life as a Protestant church musician He employed chorale melodies in his compositions This body of music is generally regarded as the apex of artistic development of chorale-based liturgical music

Stylistic Practices A common method for part writing in particular progressions Sets the rules we will use in our part writing (see page 373 for all the part writing practices) See pages 192 through 195 for examples of stylistic practices

Root Position Triads Always double the root. Chords that have the root a 4th or a 5th apart Keep the common tone and move the remaining two upper voices stepwise to the chord tones of the next triad. If handled correctly, the roots will be doubled. If you cannot keep the common tone, especially when the soprano voice descends scale degrees 2 to 1, move all three upper voices in similar motion to the nearest chord tone. If handled correctly, the roots will be doubled.

Root Position Triads Chords that have the root a third apart Keep both common tones and move the remaining upper voice stepwise. If handled properly, the roots of the two chords will be doubled.

Root Position Triads Chords that have the root a 2nd apart Move the three upper voices in contrary motion to the bass, making sure that each voice moves to the nearest chord tone of the next chords. If handled correctly, the roots of the two chords will be doubled. An exception is the progression V to vi or VI. In this case, double the third factor of the vi or VI triad. Only two upper voices will move in the opposite direction to the bass.

Root Position Triads Chords that are repeated Maintain proper doubling and range of voices, and keep the usual order of voices. Otherwise, you are free to exchange chord factors among voices. Sometimes a change of inversion will take place. Assignment 9.1 Finish Chorales

1st Inversion Triads Uses To smooth out the bass line, to make it more conjunct as opposed to completely disjunct. To provide melodic motion in the bass.

1st Inversion Triads Treating the first inversion triads depends on the surrounding chords. Because of this, there aren’t set rules governing the voice leading practices. Try to keep each voice as smooth as possible by moving each voice stepwise, but be sure to follow all inviolate rules of voice leading.

1st Inversion Triads One general stylistic practice is: Double any triad factor that facilitates smooth voice leading. The soprano voice is most common, followed by the bass voice. Never double the leading tone, and keep to the rules.

1st Inversion Triads The vii°6 triad Voice leading: The leading tone triad is usually always in first inversion and progresses most often to the tonic. It has a dominant function because the V and the vii° have two notes in common (in C major: G-B-D and B-D-F) Voice leading: Double the third (bass note) or fifth factor. The bass note is preferred. Move all voices with as much stepwise motion as possible. Avoid melodic skips of a tritone.

1st Inversion Triads The ii°6 triad Voice leading: This has a different function than the vii°6. The ii°6 has a pre-dominant function and precedes the dominant. Voice leading: Double the third (bass note) or the root, which will be in an upper voice. Make voice leading as stepwise as possible and avoid leaps of a tritone.

2nd Inversion Triads Use only with extreme caution because of how unstable these are. The most common second inversion triad you will see is the tonic, but others do happen. Uses: Cadential – the tonic 6/4 chord resolves to the V chord at the cadence. Used in this manner, it is a decoration of the V chord. Always double the bass in this case. Passing Bass – The bass note (fifth factor) is a passing tone. Arpeggiated bass – The bass note (fifth factor) participates in an arpeggiation of the same chord. Pedal Bass – Also known as stationary bass or neighboring tone chords, the bass is preceded and followed by the same tone and is placed between two root positions of the same triad.

2nd Inversion Triads Rule: Assignment 9.2 Except under unusual circumstances, double the bass (fifth factor) Approach and depart from 6/4 chords with as few skips as possible Only in the arpeggiated 6/4 chord is the bass note approached or left by a skip Use only the four types of 6/4 chords described Cadential Passing Bass Arpeggiated bass Pedal Bass Assignment 9.2

Rules Exceptions to these rules Sometimes it may not be possible to totally follow all these rules. There are some guidelines for this if this does happen:

Inviolate Rules Rules that cannot be broken Avoid parallel P8, P5 and P1. Successive intervals containing the same pitches are not considered parallel. Never double the leading tone of the scale. Do not write pitches outside the range of a voice. Keep all four voices within their respected ranges at all times (page 203). Avoid the melodic augmented second (A2) and fourth (A4) in all voices.

Occasionally Broken Avoid crossing voices. Keep voices in proper order. Spacing between voices should not exceed an octave in the upper three voices. The spacing between the bass and the tenor can be any reasonable interval and should never exceed two octaves. Do not overlap voices more than a whole step. An overlap occurs when one voice moves above or below the previous pitch of an adjacent voice. Do not move in the same direction to perfect intervals in the outer voices (soprano and bass).

Occasionally Broken Unequal fifths are P5 to d5 or vice versa, are found in chorale phrases and may be used sparingly. Melodic augmented seconds and fourths are never found in 18th century chorales. The melodic descending d5 appears sometimes in bass voices, but never in the soprano. The d4 is a diatonic interval in the harmonic minor scale (the third down to the seventh scale degree) and may be written in isolated situations The leading tone should progress upward to the tonic when it is in the outer voices (soprano or bass).

Assignment Complete Assignments 75A 80E 9.4