Electronic Commerce By Dr.S.Sridhar,Ph.D., RACI(Paris),RZFM(Germany),RMR(USA),RIEEEProc. web-site :

Learning Objectives Describe the concepts involved in electronic commerce. Understand auctions and portal mechanisms. Know the applications involved in e-commerce. Learn about electronic market research, eCRM, and online advertising. Define collaborative commerce and B2B applications. Understand e-government activities. Describe mobile commerce and pervasive computing. Learn e-commerce infrastructure and support services. Understand the ethical and legal issues involved in e-commerce.

E-commerce Provides Decision Support to Hi-Life Corp. Vignette Convenience store chain needs accurate stock count Overstocking expensive Understocking results in customer dissatisfaction Losses due to shrinkage Manual counts used data collection sheets Expensive, labor intensive Solution based on handheld computer Counts entered relayed immediately to headquarters Bar code scanner employed to shorten process, minimize errors Allows for real time product totals Dramatic reduction in labor involved Lower inventory levels and quicker response time

E-commerce Process of buying, selling, transferring, exchanging products, services, or information over computer networks Pure versus partial Based on degree of digitization Product Process Intermediary Pure requires all three components to be fully digitized Internet versus non-Internet Most are Internet based May be value-added networks or local area networks

E-commerce Transactions Business-to-business (B2B) Business-to-consumer (B2C) Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) Consumer-to-business (C2B) Government-to-citizens (G2C) Collaborative commerce between partners Business to employees Intrabusiness/Intraorganizational commerce Mobile commerce (M-commerce)

Scope of E-commerce Applications supported by infrastructure Hardware Software Messaging, multimedia, interfaces, business services Networks communications Support areas People Legal and public policy and regulations Marketing and advertisements Support services ranging from payments to order delivery Business partnerships like joint ventures, e- marketplaces, affiliations

Advantages Advantages: Expands marketplace globally Expands availability of resources Shortens marketing- distribution channels Decreases expenses Reduces inventory Aids small businesses in competing Enables specialized niches Quicker delivery of information Enables individuals to work from home Facilitates delivery of public services Allows for purchase of goods at lowered prices Enables customization, personalization Decreases costs to customers, while increasing their choices Allows for 24 hour shopping Makes electronic auctions possible Enables people to interact in electronic communities

Limitations Limitations: Lack of universal standards Insufficient bandwidth Software-development tools are still evolving Integration difficulties Need for special Web servers in addition to network servers Accessibility expensive Unresolved legal issues Lack of national and international governmental regulations Lack of mature methodologies to measure benefits and justify Customer resistance Security questions Insufficient number of buyers and sellers for profitable e-commerce operations

DSS and E-commerce DSS supports e-commerce DSS allows for scheduling and transportation optimization Match buyers to sellers Improves market operations Conducts risk analysis Optimizes selection of transportation routes Assists in running B2C operations Data collection Business intelligence

DSS and E-commerce E-commerce facilitates decision support Efficient transfer of information Enhances decision-support process Data collection and storage E-commerce works with DSS Inventory management Produce strategic change in call center by integration of simulation decision support Marketing database applications and distribution systems Streaming financial reports Comparison shopping engines Data transfer and storage for BI analysis

E-commerce Mechanisms Electronic auctions Competitive market mechanisms Forward auctions − Sellers place offers and buyers make sequential bids Reverse auctions − Sellers are invited to submit bids on product or service buyer wants Bartering Exchange of goods or services without money transactions Portals Information gateways Single point of access through Web browser

Portals Commercial Offer content to broad audiences Routine Little personalization Publishing Based on specific interests Extensive search capabilities Personal Target specific filtered information Narrow content Personalized Mobile Accessible through mobile devices

Portals Voice Audio interfaces Accessible through phones Corporate Access to business information located both within and outside of organization Rich content Limited communities Organized focal point − Suppliers − Customers − Employees − Supervisors

Business to Consumer Applications E-tailing Storefronts General or specialized May be extensions of physical stores E-Malls Collection of stores under single Internet address Manufacturers may sell direct Retailers may act as intermediaries

DSS Support Channel conflict resolution through GDSS tools DSS and GDSS can be used for conflict resolution on pricing, resource allocation, logistics services DSS can aid in order fulfillment and logistics of small quantities DSS models can foster strategies and determine viability Identification of appropriate revenue models Risk analysis with DSS modeling

Online Service Industries Electronic banking International banking Securities trading Online job market Travel Real estate

Market Research E-commerce model of consumer behavior Independent uncontrollable variables Personal characteristics − Age, gender, demographics Environmental characteristics − Social, cultural, available information, government regulations, legal constraints Intervening variables Vendor controlled Market stimuli E-commerce systems − Physical environment, logistics support, customer services

Market Research Decision making process Influenced by independent and intervening variables Feeds into buyers’ decisions Dependent variables Buyers’ decisions

Market Research Decision-making process Generic model − Identification of needs, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and delivery, after-purchase evaluation Consumer decision support system model − Support facilities from CDSS and Internet and Web produce framework for Web purchasing Online buyer decision support model − Customer decision-making guided by Web purchasing models

Discovering Customer Desires Software agent search engines Intelligent agents Monitor site activity Searching and filtering agents for customers Comparison agents Electronic questionnaires Site tracking Cookies, Web bugs, spyware Collaborative filtering through inference of interest

E-commerce CRM During life cycle of product Determine customer requirements Help customer acquire product or service Ongoing support Aid in disposal Tools available FAQs messaging Track status of order Personalization of Web pages and information at vendor’s site Chat rooms and communities Web-based call centers

Online Advertising Media rich, dynamic, interactive Types Banners Pop-ups and pop-unders advertisements Electronic catalogs and brochures Advertisement postings in chatrooms, communities, and newsgroups Online classifieds Issues Spam Permission marketing Viral marketing Passive, mass market advertising Interactive advertising

B2B Applications Sell-side marketplaces Private e-marketplaces operated by seller Electronic catalogs Forward auctions Buy-side marketplaces Reverse auction Third-party bidding marketplace or buyer’s Web site Procurement models Group purchasing Desktop purchasing

B2B Applications Electronic exchanges E-marketplaces with many sellers and buyers Types Systematic sourcing by vertical distributors of direct materials Indirect materials sold on “as needed” basis with dynamic pricing Systematic sourcing for indirect materials at fixed pricing Spot sourcing of services on “as needed” basis

Collaborative E- commerce Non-sales based e-commerce transactions between organizations Electronic support of communication, information sharing, joint decision making Types Retailers/suppliers Vendor-managed inventories supplied to retailers Product design Collaborative manufacturing through outsourcing of components and subassemblies

Collaborative E- commerce Collaborative workflow management Planning and scheduling Design New product information Product-content management Order management Sourcing and procurement

Intrabusiness E- commerce B2E Intranet-enabled business between business and employees E-commerce between business units Organization units sell and buy materials and products from each other E-commerce between corporate employees Classified ads Sales force automation Empowerment of salespersons

E-government Use of Internet technologies and e- commerce to deliver information and services to citizens Gives citizens more access to information Allows for more feedback from citizens Facilitates fundamental changes in relationships between citizen and government Types Government-to-citizens (G2C) Electronic benefits transfer, payment of taxes Government-to-business (G2B) RFQs, RFBs, reverse auctions Government-to-government (G2G) Sharing of databases, information

E-learning Online delivery of information for educational or training purposes Benefits Eliminates barriers of time, distance, socioeconomic status Saves money, reduces travel time Increases access to experts Enables large numbers to take classes Provides on-demand, self-paced learning Limitations Special training for instructors and students Requires special equipment and support services Lack of face-to-face interaction

Customer to Customer E-commerce Buyers and sellers not businesses Types Auctions Classified ads Personal services Bartering

Variants of E-Commerce Mobile commerce E-commerce through use of mobile computing devices on wireless networks Advantages − Mobility − People can be reached at any time L-commerce Location-based mobile commerce Information pushed out to recipient based on their current location Pervasive computing Computations become part of the environment Embodied in things Based on intelligent systems

E-commerce Support Systems Electronic payments Electronic checks Electronic credit cards Virtual credit cards Purchasing cards Electronic cash Stored value money cards Smart cards with microprocessors Person-to-person payments Payment of bills online

Security in Electronic Payments Authentication of all parties Protection of data from alteration or destruction during transmission Protection from buyer’s unjustified repudiation Privacy Customer safety Protection of information at seller’s end

Order Fulfillment in Electronic Commerce Provide customers with ordered goods Goods must be quickly packaged, shipped, and delivered Payment collection system must be in force Handle the return of unwanted or defective merchandise Customer relations

Legal and Ethical Issues Fraud Seller’s and buyer’s Buyer protection Seller protection Unwarranted repudiation Intellectual property rights Domain names Privacy issues Cookies Web tracking Sales of lists Monitoring s and site visits Taxation Disintermediation Intellectual Property issues