Solar local and global magnetism new challenge for long-lasting synoptic observations. (Topic 1. New and continuing scientific questions) A.Kučera, P. Gömöry Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia ABSTRACT: Open questions on local and global solar magnetism are summarized concerning a design of a new generation of solar synoptic telescopes. Do we need long lasting polarimetric observations with synoptic facilities? If yes, what concept of synoptic telescopes we need to keep sufficient spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions and measure full stokes parameters? 1st SPRING Workshop, November 26 – 28, 2013, Titisee, Germany

Open questions on local and global solar magnetism Topic 1. New and continuing scientific questions.

1st SPRING Workshop, November 26 – 28, 2013, Titisee, Germany 1. The solar neutrino problem 2. Structure of the solar interior (helioseismology) 3. The solar magnetic field (dynamo, solar cycle, corona) 4. Hydrodynamics of coronal loops 5. MHD oscillations and waves (coronal seismology) 6. The coronal heating problem 7. Self-organized criticality (from nanoflares to giant flares) 8. Magnetic reconnection processes 9. Particle acceleration processes 10. Coronal mass ejections and coronal dimming Topic 1. New and continuing scientific questions. Open questions on local and global solar magnetism magnetism mostly global theory? magnetism local and global magnetism local magnetism local and global magnetism global Simply say local = High-resolution telescopes = NO long lasting continuous observations global = synoptic telescopes = YES long lasting continuous observations Synoptic observations A)science data for solution of some open questions, solar cycle, magnetism, irradiance variability, events statistics, cycle and hemisphere anomalies... B) context data for High-resolution telescopes to help to solve some open questions Open questions on local and global solar magnetism

1st SPRING Workshop, November 26 – 28, 2013, Titisee, Germany Topic 1. New and continuing scientific questions. Design of a new generation of solar synoptic telescopes. For What? For A) science data for solution of some open questions, For B) context data for new generation of High-resolution telescopes (4m –class) For C) also context data for actual High-resolution telescopes (1-2 m –class) For D) both – science and context data According the answer, we can set the Science requirements on the synoptic telescope(s) and vice versa According the Science requirements we can set the Design requirements on the synoptic telescopes Because of crucial role of the magnetism in the open questions of solar physics, the new generation of Synoptic telescope(s) (beside many other observational capabilities) Should have highly efficient vector magnetometer either as SOLIS (scanning) or better a multiple stage tunable Lyot filter with polarimeter with ferro-liquid crystal polarizers (as a CoMP, CHROMAG, SCD...) and open question remains if it should be abble co cover coronal region Do we need long lasting polarimetric observations ?

Open questions: 1)Aperture of the synoptic telescope. We have synoptic telescopes cm for high-resolution telescopes of cm What aperture is optimal for new generation of synoptic telescopes (60, 70 cm ?) for new generation of high-resolution telescopes ( 4m class) The answer will set also other parameters, spatial resolution, temporal resolution (especially for full disk vector magnetograms) flexibility and number of spectral ranges and lines (shorter exposure – faster tunning)... 1)Detectors Large cameras – huge amount of data – handling efficiency – archives - accessibility. Topic 1. New and continuing scientific questions. What concept of synoptic telescopes we need?

Conclusion „Magnetism is now known to be the key to most unsolved problems in solar physics, including the 11-year activity cycle, chromospheric and coronal heating, flares, coronal mass ejections, and space weather. Even though more than a century has passed since the discovery of magnetism in the solar atmosphere (discovery by Hale in 1908 that sunspots are associated with strong magnetic fields), these measurements remain difficult“. Alfred G. de Wijn „Measuring Solar Magnetism“ Science 26 October 2012: Vol. 338 no pp DOI: /science