Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering Yingxiao Wang Beckman

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Presentation transcript:

Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering Yingxiao Wang Beckman

Objective To introduce the cutting-edge engineering technologies applied in the molecular and cellular biology research, i.e. how can the properties of genes, molecules, and cells be monitored, measured, manipulated, and modeled to advance our understanding of the complex biological system.

Cells Genomes Genomes Control Cellular Functions Molecules Reactions between Molecules Introduction

Cells and Genomes

Cells Determine the Whole Multi-cellular Organism

Cells are dictated by linear information stored in DNA Units and Assembly

DNA Units and Assembly

DNA Replication

From DNA to Protein

Transcription (From DNA to RNA)

The Conformation of RNA Hepatitis Delta Virus

tRNA

Translation (mRNA->Protein)

3D Structure of Ribosome Ribosome mRNA tRNAs

The Function of Proteins

Gene and Regulatory DNA

Bilayer of amphipathic Lipids Forming Membrane: Plasma Membrane

Plasma Membrane

Summary 1 DNA (linear information) ->RNA (different forms, linear and 3D) ->Protein (Linear and 3D) Replication, Transcription, Translation DNA and RNA, phosphate+sugar+base DNA, Double Helix, AGTC RNA, tRNA, mRNA (AGUC), rRNA RNA and Protein, Various 3D structures Protein, enzyme, structure supports, regulation of DNAs Lipids, cell membrane

Gene Alteration (I)

Gene Alteration (II)

Gene Comparison

Cell Types Procaryotes (without nucleus) and Eucaryotes (with nucleus)

An Eucaryotic Cell

Phagocytosis White blood cell engulfing a red blood cell

Mitochondrion Own tRNA, mRNA, ribosome, own circular DNA

Proposed Hypothesis: the Origin of Mitochondria

The Origin of Chloroplasts

Eucaryotic genomes are large and rich in regulatory DNAs, which can sense environmental signals and regulate cellular products and functions Environment and Cellular Functions and Fate

Yeast: the Simplest Eucaryote Cell Model Genome small, cell cycle rapid (almost the same as bacteria)

Microarray Study of Yeast Genome upon Stimulation

Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the Ultimate Goal-Human Beings C-elegan Drosophila Cell cycle, apoptosis compartmentalization Cell cycle short (days), genome simple (single gene controlling one phenotype)

Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the Ultimate Goal-Human Beings MouseHuman Beings

Mutational Genesis to Find Gene Functions in Model Systems Redundancy and overlapping of gene functions (the complexity of model studies)

Summary 2 Gene Alterations: mutation, duplication, segment shuffling, horizontal transfer Procaryote (bacteria and Archaea) and Eucaryotes (nucleus) The structure and development of Eucaryotes (predators) Large Genome and sophiscated gene regulation (Environment effects on Gene expressions) Single cell model system: yeast Multicelullar Model systems: c elegans, drosophila, mouse, human being Complexity of Gene mutagenesis

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