Chapter 13: Work

History of adolescent work Before 1900 Pre-industrialized Boys farmed in preparation to take over as adults Girls worked in the home and with domesticated animals Industrialization Factories, mines, and processing plants Higher amounts of injuries for adolescents 20 th century More focus on reducing child labor Particularly after WW II, focus was on keeping adolescents in school

Work and adolescent development Psychological functioning Adolescents that work >10 hrs/wk: Work is not necessarily a bad thing:

Work and adolescent development Problem behavior Adolescents who work long hours may already be prone to substance abuse and the more hours they work, the more substances they are at risk of using Occupational deviance: acts committed in relations to the workplace, like stealing supplies

Pros and Cons of work Girls (%)Boys (%) Benefits Responsibility9080 Money management6657 Learned social skills8878 Work experience/skill develop4342 Work ethics7368 Independence7578 Time management7975 Learned about life2629 Problems Less leisure time49 Lower grades2825 Less time for homework4849 Think about work during class7811 Fatigue5145

Occupational choice Development of occupational goals Crystallization (14-18 yrs): Specification (18-21): Implementation (21-24): Stabilization (25-35): Consolidation (35- ):

Occupational choice Compromise with Reality Therapy Fantasy stage Tentative stage Realistic stage

Influences on occupational goals Personality characteristics (John Holland) Realistic Intellectual Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic

Other influences on occupational choice Intelligence Aptitudes and special abilities Interests Job opportunities Salary Prestige

Federal limits on 14 & 15 yr olds Cannot work in manufacturing, processing, mining Cannot work in transportation, construction, warehouse Cannot use power-driven machinery During school: Cannot work during school hours Cannot work more than 18 hours/wk Cannot work more than 3 hours/day Hours restricted to 7 am to 7 pm During summer: Cannot work more than 40 hrs/wk Cannot work more than 8 hrs/day Hours restricted to 7 am to 9 pm

Federal limits on 16 & 17 yr olds Cannot work with hazardous materials Cannot operate motor vehicles Cannot work in most excavating or demolition jobs Cannot work in mines Cannot work in slaughterhouses

Volunteer work Adolescents who volunteer: Motivation can be individualistic as well as collectivistic Generally, there is a positive effect both current and longitudinally for adolescents who volunteer