FEED ME, SEYMOUR! LITTLE SHOP OF HORRORS (1986) DR. JOE CICCONE Criminal Justice Information Systems and Case Management Systems

Last Week History of Policing – Five Stages of Technology Implementation  Understand the Context predict the Technology

Topics Foundation of Police Information Systems  Vollmer – Foundations (Last Week)  Locard - Forensics CODIS AFIS NIBN VICAP NCIC Case Management Systems

Locard Exchange Principle? Whenever two objects come into contact, a mutual exchange of matter will take place between them. Linking suspects to victims is the most important and common type of linkage accomplished by physical evidence in criminal investigations. Linking victims and suspects to objects and scenes can also be accomplished by use of the physical evidence. Physical evidence refers to anything transferred during the commission of a crime. This can be from person to person and person to environment and vice-a-versa. That is to say that a person will leave behind trace elements or may pick up trace elements from interactions with others or the environment.

Why the Emphasis? Law Enforcement Officials realized that despite all of their investigative skills and knowledge on crime, they often needed additional help to solve cases. With the emphasis on crime scene investigation and criminal investigative analysis (something discussed later in the course), agencies were able to create a system of databanks and scientific protocols to help investigate crime.

Physical Evidence: The Creation, Retention, and Utilization of Evidence Fingerprints DNA: Blood, Saliva, Semen, Skin Weapons (ballistics) Other Developments of Forensic Science

AFIS and CODIS  The most basic of physical evidence is fingerprints and blood, saliva, semen, and skin. The most important technological advancements within these two areas have been the creation of the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, capable of comparing prints to over 40 million other prints in a few hours (versus weeks and months prior to the system) and the Combined DNA System (CODIS), which collects the DNA found in blood, saliva, semen, and skin (including hair) and stores it for comparison with other samples. The current controversy surrounding the CODIS system is the recommended expansion to include DNA collection during suspect processing in the same manner as fingerprints.Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification SystemCODIS

Ballistic Systems Advances in ballistics have greatly assisted law enforcement in the ability to link weapons to crime scenes and individuals. The most notable developments within this field have involved the creation of the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) and the ATF creation of the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network.Integrated Ballistics Identification SystemNational Integrated Ballistics Information Network

NIBIN Recently, the State of California enacted legislation to develop a protocol that will facilitate wider police agency access and make greater use of the NIBIN Program by July 1, /ftbulletin/oct17/anti-crime-law/ /ftbulletin/oct17/anti-crime-law/

Science and Law Enforcement  Through the use of technology, more techniques and sciences have developed around the collection and analysis of forensic evidence. Examples Include:  Forensic Pathology  Forensic Toxicology  Forensic Odontology  Forensic Anthropology  Forensic Taphonomy and Entomology  Recognition of Bloodstain Patterns  Microanalysis of Trace Evidence  Forensic Footwear Evidence  Forensic Tire Impressions and Tire Track Evidence  Document Examination  Fire and Explosion Investigation  Vehicular Accident Reconstruction

VICAP Violent-Criminal Apprehension Program  Process  Agency Detective – Local FBI Field Office – Sent to National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) – VICAP Staff analyze MO and Physical characteristics and compare the crime to other homicides – Any relevant information is forwarded to Investigators.

Agency Programs Miami-Dade County – Real-time Analysis  Robbery Information  Multiple Agencies  Reports are immediately processed  Review and Verification  BOLO sent to federal, state, and local agencies

National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Codes Codes Enhanced Name Search: Uses the New York State Identification and Intelligence System (NYSIIS). Returns phonetically similar names (e.g. Marko, Marco or Knowles, Nowles or derivatives of names such as William,Willie, Bill). Fingerprint Searches: Stores and searches the right index fingerprint. Search inquiries compare the print to all fingerprint data on file (wanted persons and missing persons). Probation/Parole: Convicted Persons or Supervised Release File contains records of subjects under supervised release. Online Manuals: State Control Terminal Agencies (CTAs) can download manuals and make them available to users on-line. Improved Data Quality: Point-of-entry checks for errors; validates that data is entered correctly (e.g., VINs); checks that data is entered in all mandatory fields; links text and image information; and expands miscellaneous fields. Information Linking: Connects two or more records so that an inquiry on one retrieves the other record(s). Mugshots: One mugshot per person record may be entered in NCIC One fingerprint, one signature, and up to 10 other identifying images (scars, marks, tattoos) may also be entered. Other Images: One identifying image for each entry in the following files: Article, Vehicle, Boat, Vehicle or Boat Part. A file of generic images (e.g., a picture of a 1989 Ford Mustang) is maintained in the system Convicted Sex Offender Registry: Contains records of individuals who are convicted sexual offenders or violent sexual predators. SENTRY File: An index of individuals incarcerated in the federal prison system. Response provides descriptive information and location of prison. Delayed Inquiry: Every record entered or modified is checked against the inquiry log. Provides the entering and inquiring agency with a response if any other agency inquired on the subject in the last five days. On-line Ad-hoc Inquiry: A flexible technique that allows users to search the active databases and access the system’s historical data.

Case Management System First responders Investigators LEO Executive Clerical staff Computer Administrator Forensic Analyst Crime Analyst

Questions Unit 4 Project – UPDATE - how are you doing now? Your Concerns? - DARE Officer Ciccone