A CID R AIN How does it form? Where is this a problem? What does it do to ecosystems and people?

A CID D EPOSITION FORMATION : S ECONDARY OR PRIMARY POLLUTANT ? S OURCES FOR PRECURSORS ? T RANSPORTATION ? W ET OR DRY DEPOSITION ?

F ORMULAS YOU NEED TO MEMORIZE : SO 3 + H 2 O  H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) NO x + H 2 O  2HNO 3 (nitric acid) These are two forms (flavors) of acid deposition.

Normal rain CO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) Normal rain is always slightly acidic! THIS IS NOT ACID RAIN!!! THIS IS NOT POLLUTION!!!! Acid rain < pH 5.6

OBSERVATIONS? IS ACID RAIN A BIG PROBLEM IN HOUSTON? WHERE IS ACID RAIN A BIG CONCERN?

G LOBAL ACID RAIN AREAS OF CONCERN

E FFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS : Direct damage to leaves and roots Weak trees are susceptible to insects and disease

A CID DEPOSITION LEACHES NUTRIENTS FROM SOIL AND MAKES TOXINS (A L 3+ ) MORE SOLUBLE

E FFECTS ON A QUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Loss of biodiversity Range of tolerance Jelly-like fish eggs broken down Acidity denatures enzymes Acid shock – sudden increase in acidity, often in spring can cause fish kills Aluminum ions (Al3+) are released from lake bed, suffocating fish Below pH4.5, lakes devoid of fish

C ULTURAL EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN Marble and limestone Acid breaks down these basic materials

M ANY FAMOUS BUILDINGS ARE BEING DAMAGED Taj Mahal Parthenon

Statue of liberty Loss of artistic detail in Acropolis

H UMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN Contributes to bronchitis and asthma

A CID R AIN : C HECK FOR UNDERSTANDING ! How does acid rain form? What is the pH of acid rain? Why is rain normally acidic? Why is this a bigger problem on the East Coast than here? Why is acid rain “like AIDS for plants”? Why are there more significant effects on aquatic systems than on terrestrial systems?

IF YOU’RE NOT PART OF THE SOLUTION, YOU’RE PART OF THE PRECIPITATE. Solutions to Air pollution

1994

1999

2007

T WO STRATEGIES Pollution prevention (don’t create the primary pollutants in the first place) Pollution clean up (now that they’re in the environment, let’s mitigate the effects)

L EGAL SOLUTIONS Emissions trading policy (Cap and Trade): stationary pollution sources can buy, sell and trade the right to pollute. This policy ONLY exists in the US for SO x right now. (CO 2 cap and trade just started in California last year!)

T ECHNOLOGY S TRATEGIES : TRAP POLLUTANTS AT THE SOURCE

T ECHNOLOGY SOLUTION : IMPROVED VEHICLE EFFICIENCY Using less gas = fewer combustion pollutants Hybrids use friction from breaking to charge electric battery “regenerative breaking” Computer switches engine from gas to electricity.

CHEVY VOLT 2011 – POLLUTION DIVERTED TO POWER PLANT

T ECHNOLOGY SOLUTION : BURN CLEANER COAL / COAL GASIFICATION Burn low-sulfur coal from Western US Gasification turns solid coal to gas before it is burned – fewer particulates, SOx

“LIMING” A LAKE (POWDERED LIMESTONE)

S TREAM DOSER Spot the pipe which adds the limestone solution to the stream!

I=PAT I = clean air P = growing A = options? T = options? Which of these can YOU do TODAY?