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1978 (after drought) (similar to the prior 3 years) Average beak depth (mm)

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1,000 Substitution resulting in translation of different amino acid Base-pair substitutions Insertion sites Deletion Exon Intron ,5002,0001,500 4

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Caterpillars raised on a diet of oak flowers (b) Caterpillars raised on a diet of oak leaves 5

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Porcupine herd Beaufort Sea Fortymile herd Porcupine herd range Fortymile herd range MAP AREA ALASKA CANADA NORTHWEST TERRITORIES YUKON ALASKA 6

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Frequencies of alleles Gametes produced p  frequency of C R allele q  frequency of C W allele Alleles in the population Each egg: Each sperm:  0.8  % chance 80% chance 20% chance 20% chance 7

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sperm Eggs 80% C R (p  0.8) 20% C W (q  0.2) p  0.8q  0.2 CRCR CRCR CWCW CWCW p  0.8 q  (p 2 ) C R 0.16 (pq) C R C W 0.16 (qp) C R C W 0.04 (q 2 ) C W Gametes of this generation: 64% C R C R, 32% C R C W, and 4% C W C W 64% C R (from C R C R plants) 16% C R (from C R C W plants) 4% C W (from C W C W plants) 16% C W (from C R C W plants) 80% C R  0.8  p 20% C W  0.2  q     64% C R C R, 32% C R C W, and 4% C W C W plants With random mating, these gametes will result in the same mix of genotypes in the next generation: 8

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CWCWCWCW CRCRCRCR CRCWCRCW CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCWCRCW CRCWCRCW CRCWCRCW CWCWCWCW CRCRCRCR CRCWCRCW CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCWCRCW CRCWCRCW CRCWCRCW CWCWCWCW CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CRCRCRCR CWCWCWCW 5 plants leave offspring 2 plants leave offspring p (frequency of C R )  0.7 q (frequency of C W )  0.3 p  0.5 q  0.5 p  1.0 q  0.0 Generation 2Generation 3Generation 1 9

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Original population Surviving population Bottlenecking event (a) By chance, blue marbles are overrepresented in the surviving population. (b) Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) 10

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pre-bottleneck (Illinois, 1820) Post-bottleneck (Illinois, 1993) Range of greater prairie chicken Illinois 1930–1960s 1993 Greater prairie chicken Kansas, 1998 (no bottleneck) Nebraska, 1998 (no bottleneck) 1,000–25,000  50 75,000– 200, Location Population size 750,000 Number of alleles per locus Percentage of eggs hatched 93  (a) (b) 11

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Survival rate (%) Central population Vlieland, the Netherlands Eastern population NORTH SEA 2 km Population in which the surviving females eventually bred Females born in central population Parus major Central Eastern Females born in eastern population

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Original population Evolved population Original population Frequency of individuals Phenotypes (fur color) (a) Directional selection (b) Disruptive selection(c) Stabilizing selection 13

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones shown in green are movable. Ligament 14

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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. SC male gray tree frog LC male gray tree frog Female gray tree frog Recording of SC male’s call Recording of LC male’s call Offspring of SC father SC sperm  Eggs  LC sperm Offspring of LC father Survival and growth of these half-sibling offspring compared Experiment Results 16

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum (a parasitic unicellular eukaryote) Key Frequencies of the sickle-cell allele 10.0–12.5%  12.5% 7.5–10.0% 5.0–7.5% 2.5–5.0% 0–2.5% 17

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. “Left-mouthed” P. microlepis “Right-mouthed” P. microlepis Sample year Frequency of “left-mouthed” individuals 1981 ’83 ’85’87’

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