مهندس محمود علیشاهی نيمسال دوم 87-86

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Presentation transcript:

مهندس محمود علیشاهی نيمسال دوم 87-86 بسم‌الله‌الرحمن‌الرحيم شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري 1 مهندس محمود علیشاهی نيمسال دوم 87-86

سر فصل درس شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري 1 فصل اول: مقدمه شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري چه هستند؟ شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري چه اجزايي دارند؟ شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري به چه كاري مي‌آيند؟ لايه‌هاي مختلف كار شبكه: استانداردهاي ISO/OSI، (DoD )TCP/IP و Novell Netware

سر فصل درس شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري 1 فصل دوم: بررسي لاية فيزيكي خصوصيات محيط انتقال كدينگ داده‌ها فصل سوم: بررسي لاية ارتباط داده پروتكل‌هاي MAC و LLC روش‌هاي كنترل جريان داده تشخيص خطاي دادة ارسالي تصحيح خطاي داده در گيرنده

سر فصل درس شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري 1 فصل چهارم: بررسي لاية شبكه پروتكل‌ها و استانداردهاي لاية شبكه شبكه‌هاي LAN و MAN و WAN فصل پنجم: بررسي لاية انتقال و جلسه ارتباط داخلي شبكه‌هاي با سوئيچينگ بسته‌اي

سر فصل درس شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري 1 فصل ششم: بررسي لاية ارائه امنيت و حفاظت داده‌ها تكنيك‌هاي فشرده‌سازي داده‌ها پروتكل ترمينال مجازي پروتكل‌ انتقال فايل و ...

سر فصل درس شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري 1 فصل هفتم: بررسي لاية كاربرد سيستم‌هاي دادة توضيع شده و ارتباط آنها سيستم‌هاي عامل شبكه

شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري چه هستند؟ فصل اول: مقدمه شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري چه هستند؟ به مجموعه‌اي از سخت‌افزارها، نرم‌افزارها، تفكيك‌ها (محيط ارتباطي) و پروتكل‌ها كه حداقل دو كامپيوتر را به همديگر مرتبط كنند، شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري گويند.

تاريخچة شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري فصل اول: مقدمه تاريخچة شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري شكل تغيير يافته‌اي از شبكه‌هاي ارتباطي هستند كه منظور اصلي از آنها تبادل دادة ديجيتال در قالب فايلها و كيتهاي قابل نگهداري به شكل ديجيتال است. شبكه‌هاي داده عمدتاً از 30 سال پيش به اين طرف رايج و كاربردي شده‌اند. در اين درس شبكه‌هايي بررسي مي‌شوند كه در راستاي منظور ياد شده باشند.

شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري چه اجزايي دارند؟ فصل اول: مقدمه شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري چه اجزايي دارند؟ 1- سخت‌افزار: ماشين (HOST) يك گره كامل، Gateway، Router، Bridge و Repeater 2- وسيلة ارتباطي: كابل كواكسيال، كابل زوجي، فيبر نوري، مايكروويو، ماهواره و راديو 3- پروتكل‌هاي ارتباطي: TCP/IP، Netware، X.25، LAP، X.75 و ISO/OSI 4- برنامه‌هاي كاربردي: Netscape، FTP، TelNet، Mail و ...

اجزاي شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري فصل اول: مقدمه اجزاي شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري سيستمهاي ابتدايي و انتهايي (رايانه‌هايي كه به آنها host گفته مي‌شود، و يا پايانه‌هايي كه قابليت ارسال و دريافت، پردازش، و نگهداري داده‌ها را دارند) ادوات ارتباطي بين سيستمهاي ابتدايي و انتهايي شامل: اجزاء فعال،‌نظير اجزاي ارسال و دريافت سيگنال، تكرار كننده، پل، سوئيچ،‌روتر، اداوات پردازشگر ديگر اجزاء غير فعال، نظير محيطهاي ارتباطي و اتصالات

شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري به چه كار مي‌آيند؟ فصل اول: مقدمه شبكه‌هاي كامپيوتري به چه كار مي‌آيند؟ 1- استفادة اشتراكي از منابع سخت‌افزاري و نرم‌افزاري: سخت‌افزار (نظير: اسكنر، پرينتر، فكس مودم و غيره) و نرم‌افزار (نظير: داده، پيام، فولدر، فايل و غيره) 2- تبادل داده بين پايگاه‌هاي مختلف داده 3- استفاده از امكانات سخت‌افزاري به صورت توزيع شده 4- استفادة بهتر از امكانات قوي ماشين‌هاي مستقر در دور دست

Communication Model Network Source Destination

Simplified Communication Model

Simplified Data Communications Model

Simplified Network Model

فصل اول: مقدمه استانداردهاي ISO/OSI

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 The primary architectural model for intercomputer communications. A conceptual model composed of seven layers, each specifying particular network functions. Describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a network medium to a software application in another computer.

فعالیتهای مورد نیاز در استفاده از مدل OSI Encapsulation Segmentation and reassmebly Connection control Ordered delivery Flow control Error control Addressing Multiplexing Transmission services

چرا مدل OSI را بررسی می کنیم؟ Still an excellent model for conceptualizing and understanding protocol architectures Key points: Modular Hierarchical Boundaries between layers=interfaces

ISO’s OSI Model OSI has 7 layers: Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer

داده و سرآیند در هر لایه در هر لایه یک PDU تشکیل می گردد که شامل اجزای مورد نیاز برای انجام فعالیتهای مورد نظر در آن لایه است. PDU = Protocol Data Unit

OSI Lower Layers Physical – Layer 1 Responsible for transmission of bits Always implemented through hardware Encompasses mechanical, electrical, and functional interfaces e.g. RS-232 Data Link – Layer 2 Responsible for error-free, reliable transmission of data Flow control, error correction e.g. Ethernet Network – Layer 3 Responsible for routing of messages through network Concerned with type of switching used (circuit v. packet) Handles routing between networks, as well as through packet-switching networks

وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: فصل اول: مقدمه وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: 1- لاية فيزيكي: تعريفي براي ارسال صفر و يك در يك محيط ارتباطي تعيين مشخصات الكتريكي و مكانيكي و نيز ترتيب اجزاي فيزيكي استانداردهاي موجود در اين لايه: Ethernet و RS-232 (E1A-23A-D) و ... استانداردهاي مربوط به مودم: V21، V23، V26، V34، V42و ...

وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: فصل اول: مقدمه وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: 2- لاية ارتباط داده: كنترل ارسال داده در روي يك محيط ارتباطي كنترل جريان داده‌ها كنترل خطا كنترل ارتباط دهي استانداردهاي موجود در اين لايه: HDLC (Higher Level Data Link Control) LAP-B

وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: فصل اول: مقدمه وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: 2- لاية شبكه: كنترل آدرس مقصد ارسال مجدد داده پروتكل‌هاي موجود در اين لايه: نظير X.25 و IP

*Physical-layer Implementation

OSI Data Link Layer Responsible for error-free, reliable transmission of data Flow control, error correction e.g. HDLC

OSI Data Link Layer IEEE has subdivided data link layer into two sub-layers.

OSI Network Layer Responsible for routing of messages through network Concerned with type of switching used (circuit v. packet) Handles routing between networks, as well as through packet-switching networks

Network Access Layer Concerned with exchange of data between computer and network Includes addressing, routing, prioritizing, etc Different networks require different software at this layer Example: X.25 standard for network access procedures on packet-switching networks

OSI Upper Layers Transport Isolates messages from lower and upper layers Breaks down message size Monitors quality of communications channel Selects most efficient communication service necessary for a given transmission Session Establishes logical connections between systems Manages log-ons, password exchange, log-offs Terminates connection at end of session Presentation Provides format and code conversion services Example: File conversion from ASCII to EBDIC Application Provides access to network for end-user User’s capabilities are determined by what items are available on this layer Logic needed to support various applications Each type of application requires different software on this layer

وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: 4- لاية انتقال: فصل اول: مقدمه وظائف لايه‌هاي هفت‌گانه در مدل OSI: 4- لاية انتقال: ك

مدلهای دیگر ارتباطی؟ مدل DoD (چرا این اسم را گذاشته اند؟) یا TCP/IP مدل ارتباطی Novell یا IPX/SPX مدل ارتباطی Appletalk

TCP/IP Transmission control Protocol/Internet Protocol Developed by DARPA No official protocol standard Can identify four layers Application Host-to-Host (transport) Internet Host to Network

پروتکلهای مختلف در مدل DoD Application Presentation Session TELNET FTP SMTP DNS SNMP DHCP RIP Transport RTP RTCP Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol OSPF IGMP ICMP Network Internet Protocol ARP Host to Network Ethernet Token Bus Token Ring FDDI

مقایسه مدلهای ISO و DoD DoD Model OSI Model Application layer: http, telnet, snmp, smtp, nfs, ftp TCP, UDP IPv4, IPv6 (HDLC) Host to Network

Sender Receiver Application Layer Application Layer Transport Layer HTTP Request HTTP Request Transport Layer Transport Layer TCP HTTP Request TCP HTTP Request Network Layer Network Layer IP TCP HTTP Request IP TCP HTTP Request Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request Physical Layer Physical Layer

لایه اتصال ماشین به شبکه در مدل DoD Exchange of data between end system and network Address of host and destination Prioritization of transmission Software at this layer depends on network (e.g. X.25 vs. Ethernet) Segregation means that no other software needs to be concerned about net specifics

TCP/IP Internet Layer An Internet is an interconnection of two or more networks Internet layer handles tasks similar to network access layer, but between networks rather than between nodes on a network Uses IP for addressing and routing across networks Implemented in workstations and routers

TCP/IP Transport Layer Also called host-to-host layer Reliable exchange of data between applications Uses TCP protocols for transmission

TCP/IP Application Layer Logic needed to support variety of applications Separate module supports each type of application (e.g. file transfer) FTP HTTP Telnet News SMTP

TCP & UDP Most TCP/IP applications use TCP for transport layer TCP provides a connection (logical association) between two entities to regulate flow check errors UDP (User Datagram Protocol) does not maintain a connection, and therefore does not guarantee delivery, preserve sequences, or protect against duplication