E LAN /24 BANGLORE OFFICE E LAN /24 HYDERABAD OFFICE E LAN /24 CHENNAI OFFICE HYD CHE BAN

Frame Relay Stack OSI Reference Model Frame Relay Physical Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Application EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21, EIA/TIA-530 Frame Relay IP/IPX/AppleTalk, etc.

Frame Relay is a data link layer packet-switching protocol that uses digital circuits. It is used for medium to longer distances and for longer connectivity. Leased lines also provide longer connectivity but a physical circuit is used to make connection between 2 sites and the same circuit path is used always. Frame Relay

Frame Relay topologies Full Mesh Partial Mesh Hub & Spoke

VCs overcome the scalability problems of leased lines by providing multiple logical circuits over the same physical connection. Only one serial interface of a router is needed to handle the VC connections to multiple sites Whereas using leased lines multiple serial interfaces are needed to connect to multiple sites. VCs provide full connectivity at a much lower price compared to leased lines. Frame Relay connections use logical circuits to make connections between 2 sites. These logical circuits are referred to as Virtual Circuits (VCs). Multiple VCs can exist on the same physical connection. VCs are Full duplex Advantages of Frame Relay

Sub-interfaces Uses Shared bandwidth Local Management interface(LMI): –used between the Frame relay DTE(eg.Router) and the Frame Relay DCE(eg. Frame Relay switch) –Defines how the DTE interacts with the DCE –Locally significant –Provides VCs status information(a keep-alive mechanism) –LMI standards : Cisco, ANSI, Q933a The DTE and DCE must have the same LMI signaling type Frame Relay Terminology

Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI) : –used to identify each VC on a physical interface (i.e.) Each VC has a unique local address called a DLCI number. –switch will map to the destination depending on the DLCI number –Inverse ARP is used to map DLCIs to next hop addresses. –Mapping can also be done manually. –Its Locally significant. –These numbers are given by the Frame relay service providers, Service providers assign DLCIs in the range of 16 to Frame Relay Terminology

Status Enquiry Local DLCI 100 = Active Local DLCI 400 = Active Hello, I am Hello, I am FRAME RELAY MAP DLCI 400ACTIVE FRAME RELAY MAP DLCI 100ACTIVE Hello, I am Keep Alive DLCI 100 DLCI 400 LMI and inverse ARP

Virtual circuits are of two types: –Permanent Virtual Circuits – PVCs –Switched Virtual Circuits –SVCs Permanent Virtual Circuit : –similar to a dedicated leased line, permanent connection. –used when constant data is being generated. Switched Virtual Circuit : –also called as Semi-permanent virtual circuit –similar to a circuit switched connection where the VC is dynamically built and then torn down once the data has been sent. –used when data has to be sent in small amounts and at periodic intervals. Frame Relay Terminology

Committed Information Rate(CIR) : –Average data rate measured over a fixed period of time that the carrier guarantees for a VC. –committed bandwidth Burst Rate(BR) : –Average data rate provider guarantees for a VC. –Excess bandwidth Frame Relay Terminology

Frame Relay Traffic Flow Terminology (Cont.)

FECN and BECN : –Forward Explicit Congestion Notification –Backward Explicit Congestion Notification When congestion occurs switch marks the FECN and BECN bits in the frame header. FECN is sent to the destination BECN is sent to the source Thereby notifying both source and destination about the congestion. FECN = 0 and BECN =0 implies no congestion. Frame Relay Terminology

Frame-Relay - Network Diagram E /24 HYD LAN /24 E /24 CHE LAN /24 E /24 BAN LAN / /8 S0 S /8 DLCI NO : 100DLCI NO : 200 FRAME-RELAY SWICH S / /8 S0 HYD CHEBAN

Frame-Relay - Network Diagram E /24 HYD LAN /24 E /24 LAN /24 E /24 LAN / /8 S0 S /8 DLCI NO : 100DLCI NO : 200 FRAME-RELAY SWICH HYD CHEBAN

Manual Mapping Router(config)#interface Router(config-if)#frame-relay map ip broadcast Sub-interface configuration Router(config)#interface.

frame-relay interface-dlci 100 Hyderabad(config-if)# telnet ================================ Welcome to Hyderabad Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal interface serial 0 ip address no shut encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay lmi-type cisco Hyderabad> password : Hyderabad# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Hyderabad(config)# Hyderabad(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ] (C) Copyright Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... exit Hyderabad(config)# Configuring Serial interface Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci Configuring Serial interface Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci

frame-relay interface-dlci 200 Banglore(config-if)# ================================ Welcome to Banglore Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal ip address no shut encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay lmi-type cisco Banglore> password : Banglore# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Banglore(config)# Banglore(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ] (C) Copyright Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... telnet interface serial 1 exit Banglore(config)# Configuring Serial interface Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci Configuring Serial interface Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay interface-dlci

Chennai(config-if)# ================================ Welcome to Chennai Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal no ip address no shut encapsulation frame-relay clockrate Chennai> password : Chennai# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Chennai(config)# Chennai(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ] (C) Copyright Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... Chennai(config-if)# telnet interface serial 1 frame-relay lmi-type cisco frame-relay intf-type dce frame-relay route 100 interface serial Chennai(config)# frame-relay switching Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#no ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#clockrate Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce Router(config-if)#frame-relay route interface Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#no ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#clockrate Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce Router(config-if)#frame-relay route interface Converting Router to Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#frame-relay switching Converting Router to Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#frame-relay switching

Chennai(config-if)# no ip address no shut encapsulation frame-relay clockrate interface serial 0 frame-relay lmi-type cisco frame-relay intf-type dce frame-relay route 200 interface serial Chennai(config)# Chennai(config-if)# Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#no ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#clockrate Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce Router(config-if)#frame-relay route interface Configuring Frame-relay Switch Router(config)#interface serial Router(config-if)#no ip address Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router(config-if)#clockrate Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type Router(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type dce Router(config-if)#frame-relay route interface

show frame-relay pvc Hyderabad# PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE) DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 2 in bytes 0 out bytes 60 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 2 out bcast bytes 60 pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20 Hyderabad# PVC STATUS = ACTIVE Implies, all configurations and the connectivity are fine. PVC STATUS = ACTIVE Implies, all configurations and the connectivity are fine.

show frame-relay pvc Hyderabad# PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE) DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL,PVC STATUS = INACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 2 in bytes 0 out bytes 60 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 2 out bcast bytes 60 pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20 Hyderabad# PVC STATUS = INACTIVE Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with Remote LMI PVC STATUS = INACTIVE Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with Remote LMI

show frame-relay pvc Hyderabad# PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE) DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL,PVC STATUS = DELETED,INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 2 in bytes 0 out bytes 60 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 2 out bcast bytes 60 pvc create time 00:12:03, last time pvc status changed 00:00:20 Hyderabad# PVC STATUS = DELETED Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with Local LMI PVC STATUS = DELETED Implies, Configuration or Connectivity Problem with Local LMI

show frame-relay pvc Banglore# PVC Statistics for interface Serial1 (Frame Relay DTE) DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial1 input pkts 8 output pkts 7 in bytes 570 out bytes 586 dropped pkts 2 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 7 out bcast bytes 586 pvc create time 00:12:26, last time pvc status changed 00:02:06 Banglore#

show frame-relay pvc Chennai# PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DCE) DLCI = 200, DLCI USAGE = SWITCHED,PVC STATUS = ACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 0 output pkts 0 in bytes 0 out bytes 0 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 0 out bcast bytes 0 pvc create time 00:02:07, last time pvc status changed 00:00:56 Num Pkts Switched 0 PVC Statistics for interface Serial1 (Frame Relay DCE) DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = SWITCHED,PVC STATUS = ACTIVE,INTERFACE = Serial1 input pkts 4 output pkts 3 in bytes 186 out bytes 202 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 0 out bcast bytes 0 pvc create time 00:02:21, last time pvc status changed 00:01:04 Num Pkts Switched 4 Chennai#

show frame-relay map Hyderabad# Serial0 (up): ip , dlci 100(0x64,0x1840), dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Hyderabad#

show frame-relay map Banglore# Serial1 (up): ip , dlci 200(0xC8,0x3080), dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Banglore#

show frame-relay route Chennai# Input Intf Input Dlci Output Intf Output Dlci Status Serial0 200 Serial1 100 active Serial1 100 Serial0 200 active Chennai#

Hyderabad(config)# router rip Hyderabad(config-router)# network network no ip routing Hyderabad(config)# ip routing show ip route Hyderabad# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set C /8 is directly connected, Serial0 C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:25, Serial0 Hyderabad# ^ Z Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network ping Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Hyderabad# !!!!!

Banglore(config)# router rip Banglore(config-router)# network no ip routing Banglore(config)# ip routing show ip route Banglore# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set C /8 is directly connected, Serial1 R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:04, Serial1 C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 Banglore# ^ Z network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network ping Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Banglore# !!!!!