Human Capital Research Collaborative (HCRC) Fostering multidisciplinary research on human capital and well-being: Prenatal development through young adulthood humancapitalrc.org Arthur Reynolds & Art Rolnick, Co-Directors October 14, 2010

Mission Advance knowledge on the identification, understanding, and use of cost- effective programs, policies, and practices from prenatal development to early adulthood

Partners Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis University of Minnesota Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs College of Education & Human Dev Institute of Child Development Carlson School of Management Center for Early Education & Devel

Funding Support McKnight Foundation National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

Conduct research and policy analyses Synthesize and integrate knowledge Disseminate findings Develop longitudinal data archives Collaborate on cross-study projects Identify “what works” evidence Activities

Areas of Focus Predictors and processes of well-being (education, health, social, economic) Family and community influences Program design, implement., & modif. Effectiveness & cost-effectiveness Policy and translational research Methodology and analysis

High Costs of Social Problems AreaAnnual cost School dropout200 b Social, emotional, 177 b behavioral disorders Obesity147 b Crime175 b

Trends and Findings of Note 1.Causes of health and educational disparities have origins in the first 5 years of life. 2.Large percentages of young children enter school not fully ready to succeed. 3.Rate of obesity among younger children has tripled within the past two decades. 4.Half of achievement gap in 3 rd g. exists by K. 5.69% graduate from high school in 4 years; about 20 points lower for low-income youth. 6.Strong evidence that high quality 0-5 programs have positive and enduring effects.

Childhood Programs in the First Decade of Life, Cambridge Volume Nutrition Home Visitation Birth to 3 interventions (Early Head Start) Child care and early education State-funded Prekindergarten Head Start and related Federal Programs Kindergarten Small classes in the early grades PK-3 programs and practices

Longer-term Health & Educational Impacts of Comprehensive Programs OutcomeExample Educational AttainmentPerry, CPC, ABC Mental HealthCPC, ABC, NFP Economic Well-BeingPerry, ABC Health BehaviorsNFP, CPC, Perry

Prenatal to Age 3PreschoolEarly School-age Return per Dollar Invested by Age of Entry into Intervention Prenatal to Age 3PreschoolEarly School-age

Common Elements of Programs Showing High Returns 1.Opportunity for More than 1 Year of Participation. 2.Well-trained and Compensated Staff. 3.Class Sizes under 18 and Child to Staff Ratios less than 9 to 1. 4.Enrichment that is Intensive and Diverse. 5.Comprehensive Family Services. 6.Higher than Normal Yearly Cost Per Child (no Less than $5,000 for early ed program)

CPC Preschool (3-4) Classroom Adjustment (7-9) School Support -High-quality school -School Mobility Juvenile Arrest (by 18) High School Completion (by 21) Any Depressive Symptom (by 24) Covariates -Gender -Mother’s education Family Support -Parent involvement -Abuse/Neglect ITBS Cognitive Composite (5) Summarized Paths from CPC to Adult Depressive Symptoms

Human Capital Enhancing Skills, Competencies, Preparation for Adult Well-Being ROI --efficiency of investments, programs to better prioritize Life Course Perspective

Prevention Prevention Science focuses on the etiology, development, implemen- tation, and effectiveness Sustainable Programs and Services at System-Wide Levels Ecological Framework

Health Promotion Social Determinants of Health Health and Education Disparities Accessing and Strengthening Systems of Care

Health & Early Childhood Background Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Commission to Build a Healthier America Beyond Health Care: New Directions to a Healthier America (2009) Braveman, P., & Egerter, S. (2008). Overcoming Obstacles to Health. Focusing on Children’s Health: Community Approaches to Addressing Health Disparities. (2009). Workshop Summary. Washington: NAP.

Health and Early Childhood England, M. J., & Sim, L. J. (Eds.). (2009). Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention. Washington: NAP. O’Connell, M. E., Boat, T., Warner, K. E. (Eds.). (2009). Preventing mental, emotional and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. Washington: NAP. Reynolds, A., Rolnick, A., Englund, M., & Temple, J. (Eds.). (2010). Childhood programs and practices in the first decade of life: A human capital integration. NY: Cambridge University Press.

Not a Focus of Conference Full Scope of Early Educational Interventions School Transitions and Continuity Child Abuse and Neglect

Health and Education in the First 5 Years of Life 1.Determinants of Health and Disparities --Social Determinants of Health and Well- Being --Poverty in Early Childhood --Maternal/Child Nutrition and cognitive development

Health and Education in the First 5 Years of Life 2.Health Interventions and Child Development --Health Promotion in Early Development --Parental depression and parenting --Promoting school readiness and socio- emotional learning --Obesity prevention and early childhood

Health and Education in the First 5 Years of Life 3. Health Policy and Child Development --Health care markets, reforms, and patient outcomes --Health literacy and school readiness --Federal health care reform and promoting children’s health