IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/ Accessories for “war driving” can be easily built using simple parts. Accessories for “war driving” can be easily built using simple parts. Chapter 10 Securing Information Systems

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Learning Objectives Define computer crime and describe several types of computer crime. 2. Describe and explain the differences between cyberwar and cyberterrorism. 3. Explain what is meant by the term “IS security” and describe both technology and human-based safeguards for information systems. 4. Discuss how to better manage IS security and explain the process of developing an IS security plan. 5. Describe how organizations can establish IS controls to better ensure IS security.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Learning Objectives Define computer crime and describe several types of computer crime. 2. Describe and explain the differences between cyberwar and cyberterrorism. 3. Explain what is meant by the term “IS security” and describe both technology and human-based safeguards for information systems. 4. Discuss how to better manage IS security and explain the process of developing an IS security plan. 5. Describe how organizations can establish IS controls to better ensure IS security.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Primary Threats to Information Systems Security 10-4 Natural disasters  Power outages, hurricanes, floods, and so on Accidents  Power outages, cats walking across keyboards Employees and consultants Links to outside business contacts  Travel between business affiliates Outsiders  Viruses

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Computer Crime Computer crime—The act of using a computer to commit an illegal act.  Targeting a computer while committing an offense.  Using a computer to commit an offense.  Using computers to support a criminal activity. Overall trend for computer crime has been declining over the past several years (CSI, 2009). Many incidents are never reported. 10-5

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Computer Virus Attacks Financial impact of virus attacks, 1995–2006, and beyond. Source: Based on:

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Federal and State Laws The two main federal laws against computer crime are:  Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986  Stealing or compromising data about national defense, foreign relations, atomic energy, or other restricted information  Violating data belonging to banks or other financial institutions  Intercepting or otherwise intruding on communications between states or foreign countries  Threatening to damage computer systems in order to extort money or other valuables from persons, businesses, or institutions  Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986  makes it a crime to break into any electronic communications service, including telephone services  prohibits the interception of any type of electronic communications 10-7

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Other Federal Laws Patent protection U.S. Copyright Act  amended in 1980 for computer software Financial Privacy Act  protects information: credit card, credit reporting, bank loan applications Enforcement responsibilities  FBI—espionage, terrorism, banking, organized crime, and threats to national security  Secret Service—crimes against U.S. Treasury Department computers and against violations of the Right to Financial Privacy Act 10-8

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Hacking and Cracking Hackers—individuals who are knowledgeable enough to gain access to computer systems without authorization.  Term first used in the 1960s at MIT  Often the motivation is curiosity, not crime Crackers—those who break into computer systems with the intention of doing damage or committing a crime. Hacktivists—Those who attempt to break into systems or deface Web sites to promote political or ideological goals 10-9

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Types of Criminals No clear profile as to who commits computer crimes Four groups of computer criminals 1. Current or former employees  85–95% of theft from businesses comes from the inside 2. People with technical knowledge committing crimes for personal gain 3. Career criminals using computers to assist them in crimes 4. Outside crackers hoping to find information of value  About 12 percent of cracker attacks cause damage

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Unauthorized Access Examples  Employees do personal business on company computers.  Intruders break into government Web sites and change the information displayed.  Thieves steal credit card numbers and Social Security numbers from electronic databases, then use the stolen information to charge thousands of dollars in merchandise to victims.  An employee at a Swiss bank steals data that could possibly help to charge the bank’s customers for tax evasion, hoping to sell this data to other countries’ governments for hefty sums of money.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Information Modification User accesses electronic information. User changes information.  Employee gives herself a raise.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Other Threats to IS Security Many times, computer security is breached simply because organizations and individuals do not exercise proper care in safeguarding information. Examples:  Keeping passwords or access codes in plain sight  Failing to install antivirus software or keep up-to-date  Continue to use default network passwords  Careless about letting outsiders view computer monitors  Failure to limit access to company files and system resources  Failure to install effective firewalls or intrusion detection systems, or they install but fail to monitor them regularly  Failure to provide proper employee background checks  Unmonitored employees  Disgruntled workers 10-13

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Computer Viruses and Other Destructive Code Malware—short for “malicious software” such as viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Virus—a destructive program that disrupts the normal functioning of computer software.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Worms, Trojan Horses, and Other Malware Worm  variation of a virus that is targeted at networks, taking advantage of security holes Trojan Horse  Does not replicate, but causes damage. Codes are hidden. Logic bombs or time bombs  Variations of Trojan horses  Time bombs are set off by specific dates; logic bombs are set off by certain types of operations

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Denial of Service Attack Attackers prevent legitimate users from accessing services. Zombie computers  Created by viruses or worms  Attack Web sites Servers crash under increased load.  MyDoom attack on Microsoft’s Web site

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Spyware Hidden within freeware or shareware, or embedded within Web sites Gathers information about a user  Credit card information  Behavior tracking for marketing purposes Eats up computer’s memory and network bandwidth Adware  Free software paid by advertisements  Sometimes contains spyware  Collects information for banner ad customization

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Spam Electronic junk mail Advertisements of products and services Eats up storage space Compromises network bandwidth 90 percent of all Internet is spam! Spam filters can help. Spim—spam in text message form

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Phishing (Spoofing) Attempts to trick users into giving away credit card numbers Phony messages Duplicates of legitimate Web sites Examples: eBay, PayPal have been used

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 CAPTCHA Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) CAPTCHA uses images that computers cannot read. Combination of techniques is needed to stop spammers.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cookies Cookies are messages passed to a Web browser from a Web server. They are stored in a text file. They are used for Web site customization. Cookies may contain sensitive information. Managing cookies  Cookie killer software  Web browser settings

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cyberattack Supply Chain 85 percent of all spam is sent out by only six major botnets. Sample phishing attack:  A programmer writes and sells a phishing attack template.  A phisher who wants to run an attack purchases the template and designs an attack.  The phisher contracts with a cracker to provide hosting space for the phishing Web sites.  The phisher contacts a bot herder to send out the spam that carries the attack.  The phisher provides the stolen personal information to a collector who removes funds from the affected financial institutions.  The collector works with a criminal called a mule herder who carries out the withdrawals

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Identity Theft Fastest growing “information crime” Stealing another person’s:  Credit card number  Social Security number  Other personal information Results in bad credit for victim

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Internet Hoaxes False messages circulated online  New viruses (that don’t exist)  Collection of funds for certain group  Example: Haiti earthquake victims  Possible consequences  Spammers harvesting addresses from hoaxes Web sites, such as Hoaxbusters ( Symantec, or McAfee, publish lists of known hoaxes.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cybersquatting The practice of registering a domain name and later reselling it. Some of the victims include:  Eminem  Panasonic  Hertz  Avon Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999  Fines as high as $100,000  Some companies pay the cybersquatters to speed up the process of getting the domain.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cyber Harassment, Stalking, and Bullying Cyber harassment—Crime that broadly refers to the use of a computer to communicate obscene, vulgar, or threatening content. Cyber stalking  Making false accusations that damage reputation of another  Gaining information on a victim by monitoring online activities  Using the Internet to encourage others to harass a victim  Attacking data and equipment of a victim by sending viruses or other destructive code  Using the Internet to place false orders for goods or services

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cyber Bullying Cyber bullying is the deliberate cause of emotional distress to a victim Online predator  Typically target vulnerable population for sexual or financial purposes  Social networking sites have become the playground for online predators.  Most social networking and chat sites provide ways to report abuse.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Software Piracy Legal activities  Making one backup copy for personal use  Sharing free software (shareware or public domain software) Illegal activities  Making copies of purchased software for others  Offering stolen proprietary software (warez peddling) Intellectual property  Patents: process or machine inventions  Copyrights: creations of the mind  Various copyright laws applicable to software 10-28

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Software Piracy Is a Global Business Worldwide losses exceeded $53 billion in 2008 Some factors influencing piracy around the world  Concept of intellectual property differs between countries  Economic reasons for piracy  Lack of public awareness about the issue 10-29

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Learning Objectives Define computer crime and describe several types of computer crime. 2. Describe and explain the differences between cyberwar and cyberterrorism. 3. Explain what is meant by the term “IS security” and describe both technology and human-based safeguards for information systems. 4. Discuss how to better manage IS security and explain the process of developing an IS security plan. 5. Describe how organizations can establish IS controls to better ensure IS security.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cyberwar Cyberware—Military’s attempt to disrupt or destroy another country’s information and communication systems  Goal is to diminish opponent’s communication capabilities.  It is used in concert with traditional methods

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cyberwar Vulnerabilities Systems at risk:  Command and control systems  Intelligence collection and distribution systems  Information processing and distribution systems  Tactical communication systems and methods  Troop and weapon positioning systems  Friend-or-foe identification systems  Smart weapons systems Propaganda  Web vandalism  Cyber propaganda 10-32

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 The New Cold War A 2007 McAfee report on Internet security listed a cyber cold war as an imminent threat. Reminiscent of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s —intelligence agencies are testing networks for possible weaknesses. Patriot Hackers—independent citizens that attack perceived enemies of the state.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Cyberterrorism Governments are not involved. Attacks can be launched from anywhere in the world. Goal is to cause fear, panic, and destruction. Cyberterrorism will likely become weapon of choice.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Categories of Potential Cyberterrorist Attacks 10-35

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Use of Internet in Terrorist Attacks 10-36

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Assessing the Cyberterrorism Threat Internet infrastructure is extremely vulnerable to cyberterrorism.  Some successful attacks  1991—Gulf War Dutch crackers stole information about the movement of U.S. troops and offered it for sale to Iraq. The Iraqis turned down the offer.  2000—U.S. presidential elections Web sites were targeted by crackers with political motives. DoS attacks launched.  2007—Government and bank networks within Estonia came under attack for the removal of a Soviet-era memorial.  2010—Chinese-based hackers attacked Google who threatened to remove Chinese filter searches from the search engine.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Obstacles to Cyberterrorism Computer systems are complex and attacks may not have desired outcome. 2. Security measures are fast-changing. 3. Cyberattacks rarely cause physical harm to victims.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 The Globalization of Terrorism Increasing dependence on technology Increasing possibilities of cyberterrorism International laws and treaties must evolve. However: likelihood of large attacks is small.  Successful large attack would require:  Intelligence information  Years of preparation  At least $200 million

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Learning Objectives Define computer crime and describe several types of computer crime. 2. Describe and explain the differences between cyberwar and cyberterrorism. 3. Explain what is meant by the term “IS security” and describe both technology and human-based safeguards for information systems. 4. Discuss how to better manage IS security and explain the process of developing an IS security plan. 5. Describe how organizations can establish IS controls to better ensure IS security.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Information Systems Security All systems connected to a network are at risk.  Internal threats  External threats Information systems security  Precautions to keep IS safe from unauthorized access and use Increased need for good computer security with increased use of the Internet

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Safeguarding Information Systems Resources Information systems audits  Risk analysis  Process of assessing the value of protected assets Cost of loss vs. cost of protection  Risk reduction Measures taken to protect the system  Risk acceptance Measures taken to absorb the damages  Risk transfer Transferring the absorption of risk to a third party

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Technological Safeguards Physical access restrictions Firewalls Encryption Virus Monitoring and prevention Audit-control software Dedicated facilities 10-43

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Technological Safeguards Physical access restrictions  Authentication  Use of passwords  Photo ID cards, smart cards  Keys to unlock a computer  Combination Authentication dependent on  Something you have  Something you know  Something you are 10-44

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Biometrics Form of authentication  Fingerprints  Retinal patterns  Facial features and so on Fast authentication High security

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Access-Control Software Access only to files required for work Restriction of access level  Read only, modify, delete Certain time periods for allowed access Business systems applications  Built-in access control capabilities

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Wireless LAN Control Wireless LAN cheap and easy to install Use on the rise Signal transmitted through the air  Susceptible to being intercepted  Drive-by hacking

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Virtual Private Networks Connection constructed dynamically within an existing network Tunneling  Send private data over public network  Encrypted information

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Firewalls Firewall—A system designed to detect intrusion and prevent unauthorized access Implementation  Hardware, software, mixed

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Encryption Message encoded before sending Message decoded when received Cryptography—the science of encryption.  It requires use of a key for decoding. Certificate authority—manages distribution of keys on a busy Web site. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)—popular public key encryption method.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Virus Monitoring and Prevention Virus prevention  Purchase and install antivirus software.  Update frequently.  Do not download data from unknown sources.  Flash drives, disks, Web sites  Delete (without opening) s from unknown sources.  Do not blindly open attachments  Even if they come from a known source.  Report any viruses to the IT department.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Audit-Control Software Keeps track of computer activity Spots suspicious action Audit trail  Record of users  Record of activities IT department needs to monitor this activity.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Secure Data Centers Specialized facilities are important. Technical Requirements  Power  Cooling How do organizations reliably protect themselves from threats?

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Ensuring Availability High-availability facilities  To ensure uninterrupted service  Self-sufficient  Backup cooling systems  Raised floors (to more easily reconfigure systems)  Built to withstand storms Collocation facilities UPS servers need 24/7/365 reliability

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Securing the Facilities Infrastructure Backups  Secondary storage devices  Regular intervals Backup sites  Cold backup site  Hot backup site Redundant data centers  Different geographic areas Closed-circuit television (CCTV)  Monitoring for physical intruders  Video cameras display and record all activity  Digital video recording Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)  Protection against power surges

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Human Safeguards Use of federal and state laws as well as ethics

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Computer Forensics Use of formal investigative techniques to evaluate digital information  Evaluation of storage devices for traces of illegal activity  Now common in murder cases  Restoration of deleted files Honeypots used to entice and catch hackers and crackers  Example: DarkMarket Some criminals have special “booby-trap” programs to destroy evidence.  10-57

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Learning Objectives Define computer crime and describe several types of computer crime. 2. Describe and explain the differences between cyberwar and cyberterrorism. 3. Explain what is meant by the term “IS security” and describe both technology and human-based safeguards for information systems. 4. Discuss how to better manage IS security and explain the process of developing an IS security plan. 5. Describe how organizations can establish IS controls to better ensure IS security.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Managing Information Systems Security Non-technical safeguards  Management of people’s use of IS  Acceptable use policies  Trustworthy employees  Well-treated employees

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Developing an Information Systems Security Plan Ongoing five-step process 1. Risk analysis a.Determine value of electronic information. b.Assess threats to confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. c.Identify most vulnerable computer operations. d.Assess current security policies. e.Recommend changes to existing practices to improve computer security.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Security Plan: Step Policies and procedures— actions to be taken if security is breached a.Information Policy— handling of sensitive information. b.Security Policy— technical controls on organizational computers. c.Use Policy— appropriate use of in-house IS. d.Backup Policy —explains backup requirements. e.Account Management Policy— procedures for adding new users and removing user accounts. f.Incident Handling Procedures— handling security breach. g.Disaster Recovery Plan— restoration of computer operations.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Security Plan: Remaining Steps Implementation a.Implementation of network security hardware and software b.IDs and smart cards dissemination c.Responsibilities of the IS department 4. Training—organization’s personnel 5. Auditing a.Assessment of policy adherence b.Penetration tests

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Disaster Planning Disasters can’t be completely avoided. Need to be prepared. Business continuity plan  describes how a business resumes operation after a disaster Disaster recovery plan  Subset of business continuity plan  Procedures for recovering from systems-related disasters  Two types of objectives  Recovery time objectives (Maximum time allowed to recover)  Recovery point objectives (How current should the backup material be?) 10-63

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Questions Addressed by Recovery Plan What events are considered a disaster? What should be done to prepare the backup site? What is the chain of command, and who can declare a disaster? What hardware and software are needed to recover from a disaster? Which personnel are needed for staffing the backup sites? What is the sequence for moving back to the original location after recovery? Which provider can be drawn on to aid in the disaster recovery process? 10-64

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Responding to a Security Breach Restore lost data. Perform new risk audit. Implement additional safeguards. Contact law enforcement.  Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center (Federal government center of Internet security expertise)

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 The State of Systems Security Management CSI Computer Crime and Security Survey (2009) findings:  Financial losses of cybercrime are decreasing.  Financial fraud attacks result in the greatest financial losses.  Only about 29 percent of organizations report intrusions to the law enforcement.  Fear of falling stock prices  Most organizations do not outsource security activities.  Nearly all organizations conduct routine security audits.  Most organizations agree security training is important.  Majority said they do not do enough training.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Use of Security Technologies CSI Computer Crime and Security Survey (2009) find that most organizations use the following security measures:  Activity logging and intrusion detection  Antivirus and antispyware software  Firewalls and VPNs  Encryption for data in transit and at rest

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Learning Objectives Define computer crime and describe several types of computer crime. 2. Describe and explain the differences between cyberwar and cyberterrorism. 3. Explain what is meant by the term “IS security” and describe both technology and human-based safeguards for information systems. 4. Discuss how to better manage IS security and explain the process of developing an IS security plan. 5. Describe how organizations can establish IS controls to better ensure IS security.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 IS Controls, Auditing, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act Information Systems control specific IT processes designed to ensure reliability of information  Controls should be a combination of three types:  Preventive controls  Detective controls  Corrective controls

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Hierarchy of IS Controls 10-70

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Types of IS Controls Policies  Define aim and objectives. Standards  Support the requirements of policies. Organization and management  Define the lines of reporting. Physical and environmental controls  Protect the organization’s IS assets.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Types of IS Controls (cont’d) Systems software controls  Enable applications and users to utilize the systems. Systems development and acquisition controls  Ensure systems meet the organization’s needs. Application-based controls  Ensures correct input, processing, storage, and output of data; maintain record of data as it moves through the system.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 IS Auditing Information Systems audit  Performed by external auditors to help organizations assess the state of their IS controls.  To determine necessary changes  To assure the IS availability, confidentiality, and integrity Risk assessment  Determine what type of risks the IS infrastructure faces. Computer-Assisted Auditing Tools (CAAT)  Specific software to test applications and data, using test data or simulations.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was formed as a reaction to large- scale accounting scandals.  WorldCom, Enron It primarily addresses the accounting side of organizations. Companies have to demonstrate that:  controls are in place to prevent misuse and fraud,  controls are in place to detect potential problems, and  measures are in place to correct problems COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology)  Set of best practices  Help organizations to maximize the benefits from their IS infrastructure  Establish appropriate controls

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 End of Chapter Content 10-75

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Managing in the Digital World: Drive-by Hacking –80 percent of corporate wireless networks do not use adequate security. “ War driving”—a new hacker tactic “ War spamming”  Attackers link to an server and send out millions of spam messages. Businesses fight back using bogus access points. Network scanners distinguish between real and fake Apps. Fast Packet Keying—to fix shortcomings of Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 ETHICAL DILEMMA Ethical Hacking Mark Maiffret  He started as a hacker.  He now designs and sells software for companies to secure their networks against hackers. eEye Digital Security  Maiffret—Chief Hacking Officer.  Software prevents unauthorized access.  Don’t hire anyone with a criminal record—“good” hackers don’t get caught.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 NET STATS Top Cyber Threats In 1988, Robert Morris’s worm (actually, a bug) crashed 6,000 computers. According to Kaspersky Lab, for 2010 and beyond they expect to see an increase in the following:  File sharing network attacks  Use of botnet services  Fake antivirus programs  More sophisticate malware  Web services attacks  Popular mobile handsets attacks  Social networking site attacks  Third-party software attacks 10-78

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 Hacking an Airplane Aircraft use more and more information technologies.  For example, Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner has various onboard networks.  Network for providing in-flight Internet access is connected to control, navigation, and communication systems. Passengers could possibly access flight controls. IT experts urge Boeing to separate flight controls and passenger systems. “This is serious.” In early 2010, the FAA issued a “special conditions alert” specifically aimed at Boeing 747-8/-8F.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 COMING ATTRACTIONS What Were You Thinking? Some advertisements are considered too raunchy.  When this happens, swift and decisive consumer backlash results in the advertiser pulling the ad. Emsense, a San Francisco-based company, has developed a headset for tracking brain activity.  The headset uses algorithms that translate physiological data into information about emotions. Other applications: Toshiba, Neurosky, University of Maryland

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 POWERFUL PARTNERSHIPS Netscape’s James H. Clark and Marc Andreessen World Wide Web came into existence in —James H. Clark and Marc Andreessen founded Mosaic Communications Corporation (and Netscape browser) Clark—PhD in computer science from University of Utah Andreessen—Bachelors in computer science from University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign Made Netscape free Competition with Microsoft

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG Backhoe Cyberthreat Telecommunications infrastructure is vulnerable.  Telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, water lines, gas pipelines have been accidentally damaged.  675,000 incidents reported in 1 year  Underwater cables are frequently cut by accident.  Cable cuts happen on average once every three days.  Infrastructure information is publicly available.  Most of Internet communication goes through cables buried along major highways and railroads.  Only two major routes across United States is for Internet traffic.

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Cybercops Track Cybercriminals Federal level  Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section  Computer and telecommunications crime coordinator  Assistant U.S. attorney —every federal judicial district has at least one State level  Crime investigation unit FBI  Computer crime squads in 16 metropolitan areas  National Infrastructure Protection Center Available software  Software Forensic Tool Kit  Statewide Network and Agency Photos (SNAP)  Automatic Fingerprint Identification System  Classification System for Serial Criminal Patterns

IS Today (Valacich & Schneider) 5/e Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Published as Prentice Hall 9/10/2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall