【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣 3.0 版授權釋出】 The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 3.0 License of “BY-NC-SA”. 授課老師：蘇以文 I-wen Su

 Southern region of Fujian Province  A dialect: Hokkien or Quan2zhou1– Zhang1zhou1 泉州 - 漳州  Classified under the Quan2zhang1 Division in Chinese linguistics Wiki Luuva

 Min Nan ( 閩南話 ; Min3nan2hua4; Bân-lâm-oē)  Fulaohua ( 福佬話 ; Fu2lao3hua4; Hō-ló-oē)  Southern Min  “ 台灣話 ” Tâi-oân-oē / 台語 : ◦ a form of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan ◦ Holo/Hoklo, the main ethnicity of Taiwan, is the ethnic group for which Hokkien is considered the native language

 Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States ◦ Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia  Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy.  Hokkien, referred to as Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"), is the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines

Mutually intelligible  Quan2zhou1 ( 泉州 )  Zhang1zhou1 ( 漳州 )  Amoy / Xia4men2 ( 廈門 ) ◦ the most important, or even prestige accent ◦ a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects (like TSM) ◦ one of the most frequently learnt of all Chinese languages/dialects by Westerners during the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century

 The Fu2jian4 variants spoken in Taiwan  Variants used by a majority of the population and bears much importance from a socio- political perspective, forming the second (and perhaps today most significant) major pole of the language  The variants of Hokkien in Southeast Asia also originate from these variants.

 Variants of Hokkien dialects can be traced to Quan2chou1 and Zhang1zhou1  Both Amoy and Taiwanese are based on a mixture of these two dialects  Quan2chou1 (northern Taiwan) vs. Zhang1chou1 (southern Taiwan)  The rest of the Hokkien dialects spoken in South East Asia are either derived from Quan2zhou1 and Zhang1zhou1, or based on a mixture of both dialects

 More consonants than Mandarin  Vowels similar to that of standard Mandarin  Vowel chart NTU 蘇以文

 Southern Min has aspirated, unaspirated and as voiced consonant initials. ◦ opening khui ( 開 ) ◦ closing (kuiⁿ 關 ) ◦ “man" (cha-po, 查埔 ) ◦ “woman” (cha-bó, 查某 )  labial initial consonants ◦ m̄-sī ( 毋是 ) ("is not").

 MD: (1) -n: 身 shen (2) -ng: 生 sheng  TSM: (1) -m: 心 sim (2) -p: 十 chap (3) -t: 八 pat (4) -k: 六 lak (5) -h: 肉 bah

 7 tones in TSM (neutralized for 2 陰上 & 6 陽上 )  Tone 1 (44): 君 (kun 1), 東 (tong 1)  Tone 2 (53): 滾 (kun 2), 黨 (tong 2)  Tone 3 (21): 棍 (kun 3), 棟 (tong 3)  Tone 4 (32): 骨 (kut 4), 督 (tok 4)  Tone 5 (24): 群 (kun 5), 同 (tong 5)  Tone 7 (22): 郡 (kun 7), 洞 (tong 7)  Tone 8 (4): 滑 (kut 8), 毒 (tok 8)  Mnemonic: 獅 (sai1), 虎 (ho2), 豹 (pa3), 鴨 (ah4), 牛 (gu5), 象 (chhiuⁿ7), 鹿 (lok8)

 Tone sandhi (1) 1  7: chheng-chheng 清清 (2) 7  3: cheng-cheng 靜靜 (3) 3  2: chhio-chhio 笑笑 (4) 2  1: leng-leng 冷冷 (5) 5  7/3: ang-ang 紅紅 (6) 4  8 (-p/t/k): sip-sip 濕濕 (7) 4  2 (-h): phah-phah 打打 (8) 8  4 (-p/t/k): tit-tit 直直 (9) 8  3 (-h): joah-joah 熱熱 Wiki user A-cai

Song: 西北雨 直直落 Reduplication

 SVO: violated by being topic-prominent  Analytic (as opposed to synthetic): ◦ Time, gender, plural: expressed by adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Not by inflection  Appending interrogative or exclamative particles to a sentence turns a sentence into a question or shows the attitudes of the speaker.

Topic Prominent Song: 天 烏烏 烏烏烏 Topic Comment Reduplication 紅紅紅 烏烏烏 Reduplication For another example: 紅紅紅

 Inclusive: 咱 lan  Exclusive: 阮 gun/goan ◦ Cf. 咱老爸 vs. 阮老爸  Possessives marked by /e/  Reflexive pronouns: kaki  Demonstrative pronouns  Interrogative pronouns

 Monosyllabic form preferred (no suffixes)  Inverted bisyllabic morphemes when compared to Mandarin ◦ 'guest‘: 人客 lâng-kheh vs. 客人 ke4ren2 ◦ 'to like‘: 歡喜 hoaⁿ-hí vs. 喜歡 xi3huan1

 literary readings ( 文讀 ): ◦ based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang dynasty (Middle Chinese) ◦ mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names)  colloquial (or vernacular) readings ( 白讀 ) ◦ used basically in spoken language and vulgar phrases.

WordLiterary Colloquial 白 'white‘pekpèh 面 'face‘biānbīn 學 'school‘ha̍ko̍h 書 'book‘suchu 人 'person‘jînlâng

Japanese Numbers

Many strata in the Min lexicon  1. Colloquial – Han Dynasty  2. Colloquial – Southern and Northern Dynasties  3. Literary – Tang Dynasty

 p- ([p-], [pʰ-]) → h ([h-])  ch-, chh- ([ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]) → s ([s-], [ɕ-])  k-, kh- ([k-], [kʰ-]) → ch ([tɕ-], [tɕʰ-])  -ⁿ ([-ã], [-uã]) → n ([-an])  -h ([-ʔ]) → t ([-t])  i ([-i]) → e ([-e])  e ([-e]) → a ([-a])  ia ([-ia]) → i ([-i])

Meaning TSMMD Eye 目睭 / 目珠 ba̍k-chiu 眼睛 yan3jing1 Chopstick 箸 tī, tū 筷子 kuai4zi5 Black 烏 oo 黑 hei1 Book 冊 chheh 書 shu1

Meaning Wordin TSMin MD 走 cáuto fleeto walk (zou3) 細 sè/suètiny/small thin/slender (si4) 喙 chhuìmouthbeak (hui4)

 ‘toilet’ 便所 piān-só, ◦ from Japanese 便所 benjo ◦ Other variant: 廁所 ce4suo3(chhek-só)  ‘car’ 自動車 chū-tōng-chhia ◦ from Japanese 自動車 jidōsha ◦ Other variant: 汽車 qi4che1(khì-chhia)  'to admire' 感心 kám-sim ◦ from Japanese 感心 kanshin ◦ Other variant: 感動 gan3dong4(kám-tōng)

 TSM is typically written in Chinese characters ( 漢字 Hàn-jī).  The written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form.  The character inventory for Mandarin does not correspond to that for TSM words  20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character, and unique informal characters are used.

 Hokkien dialects ◦ transcribed by using Romanized orthographies ◦ actively promoted since the late 19 th century  Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ 白話字 Bai2hua4zì4): ◦ the most popular ◦ first by Presbyterian missionaries ◦ then the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan ◦ promoted since 2006 by MOE ◦ romanization system taught in TW schools for TSM derived from 白話字 Bai2hua4zì4 ◦ known as 台羅 tai2luo2

WorkLicensingAuthor/Source Wiki Luuva /10/29 visited NTU 蘇以文 繪製 (2011) Wiki user A-cai nes.JPG 2011/10/29 visited