When you inhale, the volume of your chest cavity increases, and air moves into your lungs. When you exhale, the volume of your chest cavity decreases, and air is pushed out of your lungs. Changes in the volume, the temperature, the pressure, and the number of particles have predictable effects on the behavior of a gas.

The Gas Laws Pressure- the result of a force distributed over an area. Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the pressure in a closed container of gas. When many particles collide with the walls of a container at the same time, they produce a measurable pressure. The more frequent the collisions, the greater the pressure is. The speed of the particles and their mass also affect the pressure.

Pressure A moving hockey puck exerts pressure on any object it hits. A layer of shatterproof glass protects spectators. The faster the puck is traveling, the greater the force of the puck on the glass. A greater force means more pressure. The smaller the area of impact is, the greater the pressure. If the edge of the puck hits the glass, it exerts more pressure than if the face of the puck hits the glass.

The SI unit of pressure is derived from SI units for force and area. Force is measured in newtons (N). Area is measured in square meters (m2). The SI unit for pressure, the pascal (Pa), is shorthand for newtons per square meter. Scientists often express larger amounts of pressure in kilopascals. One kilopascal (kPa) is equal to 1000 pascals.

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure Raising the temperature of a gas will increase its pressure if the volume of the gas and the number of particles are constant. As the temperature rises, the average kinetic energy of the particles in the air increases. With increased kinetic energy, the particles move faster and collide more often with the inner walls of a container. Faster-moving particles hit the walls with greater force. More collisions and increased force cause the pressure of the air in the container to rise

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure The firefighter is using a pressure gauge to check the air pressure in a tire on a firetruck. If he checks the tire pressure again after a long drive on a highway, he will find that the pressure has increased.

Reducing the volume of a gas increases its pressure if the temperature of the gas and the number of particles are constant. As the volume of a container decreases, the particles of trapped air collide more often with the walls of a container. The pressure in the container increases.

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure Movement of a muscle called the diaphragm changes the volume of your chest cavity. The volume increases when you inhale. The pressure decreases and air flows to your lungs. The volume decreases when you exhale. The pressure increases and air flows from your lungs. Inhaling Exhaling Diaphragm contracts. Rib cage is lifted up and out. Diaphragm relaxes. Rib cage moves down and in. Lungs Rib Cage Diaphragm

Increasing the number of particles will increase the pressure of a gas if the temperature and the volume are constant. The more particles there are in the same volume, the greater the number of collisions and the greater the pressure.

Charles’s Law Charles’s law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are constant. T1 and V1 represent the temperature and volume of a gas before a change occurs. T2 and V2 represent the temperature and volume after a change occurs.

Charles’s Law- the direct proportion of the volume of a gas to its temperature (in kelvins) if the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are constant. When the temperature of gas is increased, the volume of the gas increases (number of particles remains the same) When the temperature of a gas is decreased, the volume of the gas decreases (number of particles remain the same)

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

Charles’s Law French physicist Jacques Charles collected data on the relationship between the temperature and volume of gases. The graph showed the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas. He extended the graph beyond the measured data to find the temperature that would produce a volume of 0 L. The temperature at the point where the line crossed the x-axis was –273.15°C.

After graphing the data he discovered the temperature -273 After graphing the data he discovered the temperature -273.15 ⁰C is equal to 0 K on the Kelvin temperature scale. This temperature is called absolute zero.

Boyle’s Law- the inverse variation of the volume of a gas with its pressure if the temperature and the number of particles are constant When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is decreased, the volume increases.

Boyle’s Law Robert Boyle described the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. The graph shows an inverse relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure of the gas.

Boyle’s Law Robert Boyle described the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. The graph shows an inverse relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure of the gas.

Boyle’s Law Robert Boyle described the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. The graph shows an inverse relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure of the gas.

Boyle’s Law Robert Boyle described the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. The graph shows an inverse relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure of the gas.

Boyle’s Law Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature and the number of particles are constant. P1 and V1 represent the pressure and volume of a gas before a change occurs. P2 and V2 represent the pressure and volume of a gas after a change occurs.

The Combined Gas Law The combined gas law describes the relationship among the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas when the number of particles is constant.

The Combined Gas Law The relationships described by Boyle’s law and Charles’s law can be described by a single law. The combined gas law describes the relationship among the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas when the number of particles is constant.

The Combined Gas Law A cylinder that contains air at a pressure of 100 kPa has a volume of 0.75 L. The pressure is increased to 300 kPa. The temperature does not change. Find the new volume of air. P1 P2 V1 V2 T1 T2 =100 kPa = 300 kPa =.75 L = ? = don’t need      

A gas has a volume of 5. 0 L at a pressure of 50 kPa A gas has a volume of 5.0 L at a pressure of 50 kPa. What happens to the volume when the pressure is increased to 125 kPa? The temperature does not change. P1 P2 V1 V2 T1 T2 =50 kPa = 125 kPa =5 L = ? = don’t need      

Gas stored in a tank at 273 K has a pressure of 388 kPa Gas stored in a tank at 273 K has a pressure of 388 kPa. The safe limit for the pressure is 825 kPa. At what temperature will the gas reach this pressure? P1 P2 V1 V2 T1 T2 =388 kPa = 825 kPa = don’t need = 273K = ?    

At 10ºC, the gas in a cylinder has a volume of 0. 250 L At 10ºC, the gas in a cylinder has a volume of 0.250 L. The gas is allowed to expand to 0.285 L. What must the final temperature be for the pressure to remain constant? (Hint: Convert from degrees Celsius to kelvins using the expression ºC + 273 = K.) P1 P2 V1 V2 T1 T2 =don’t need = don’t need =.250 L = .285 L = 283 K = ?    

The Combined Gas Law Balloons like this one are used by scientists to gather data about Earth’s atmosphere. The balloon is filled with hydrogen or helium. It carries a package of weather instruments up into the atmosphere.

The Combined Gas Law The gas laws explain the behavior of the gas in the balloon.

Assessment Questions What causes the pressure to increase if more gas particles are added to a closed container? an increase in the number of collisions between the gas and the container walls a decrease in the volume of the container a decrease in the size of each particle as the number of particles increases an increase in the number of collisions between air particles and the outside of the container

Assessment Questions What causes the pressure to increase if more gas particles are added to a closed container? an increase in the number of collisions between the gas and the container walls a decrease in the volume of the container a decrease in the size of each particle as the number of particles increases an increase in the number of collisions between air particles and the outside of the container ANS: A

Assessment Questions When first blown up, a balloon is firm because of the air pressure inside it. However, after time, the balloon becomes soft as the air pressure inside drops. What could have caused the air pressure to decrease? increase in air temperature decrease in the balloon's volume decrease in the number of air particles as they leaked out of the balloon a chemical reaction between the air particles and the balloon

Assessment Questions When first blown up, a balloon is firm because of the air pressure inside it. However, after time, the balloon becomes soft as the air pressure inside drops. What could have caused the air pressure to decrease? increase in air temperature decrease in the balloon's volume decrease in the number of air particles as they leaked out of the balloon a chemical reaction between the air particles and the balloon ANS: C

Assessment Questions A gas has a volume of 15 L, a temperature of 300 K, and an unknown initial pressure. Then, the gas expands to 30 L, remains at 300 K, and has a pressure of 300 kPa. What was the initial pressure of the gas? 150 kPa 600 kPa 330 kPa 570 kPa

Assessment Questions A gas has a volume of 15 L, a temperature of 300 K, and an unknown initial pressure. Then, the gas expands to 30 L, remains at 300 K, and has a pressure of 300 kPa. What was the initial pressure of the gas? 150 kPa 600 kPa 330 kPa 570 kPa ANS: B

Assessment Questions According to Charles’s law, the relationship between the temperature and the volume of a gas is direct. inverse. exponential. inverse square.

Assessment Questions According to Charles’s law, the relationship between the temperature and the volume of a gas is direct. inverse. exponential. inverse square. ANS: A

Assessment Questions When the temperature of the gas in closed container is increased, the pressure increases. True False

Assessment Questions When the temperature of the gas in closed container is increased, the pressure increases. True False ANS: T