Texas Indemnity Law Update Presented by James W. Bartlett, Jr.

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Purpose of an Indemnity Provision  Practical definition  “Extraordinary” shifting of risk  Generally enforced unless:  Violates the constitution or a statute; or  Violates public policy

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Common Forms of Indemnity in Texas  Contractual indemnity (most common)  Statutes affecting indemnity (less common)  Common law indemnity (rare)

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Contractual Indemnity: Tenants of Construction  Interpreted under normal rules of contract construction  (See Nabors Drilling USA, L.P. v. Encana Oil and Gas (USA), Inc., 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 8583 (Tex. App. – Fort Worth July 11, 2013, pet. filed))  Strictly construed against the indemnitee  (See Irvin v. Guarantee Company of North America, U.S.A., 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS August 5, 2008 (Tex. App. – Dallas August 5, 2008, no pet.))  Unless contract provides otherwise

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Three Common Types of Contractual Indemnity Provisions  Broad Form  Intermediate Form  Limited Form

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Contractual Indemnity: Fair Notice Requirements  “Fair Notice” required for a party to obtain indemnification for its own negligence in advance  Two components:  “Express Negligence” doctrine  “ Conspicuousness” test  Matter of law determination

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Contractual Indemnity: “Express Negligence” Doctrine  Ethyl Corporation v. Daniel Construction Company, 725 S.W.2d 705 (Tex. 1987)  “[C]lear and specific terms”  “Four corners” rule  The word “negligence” is not necessary  (See Texas Engineering Extension Service v. Gifford, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 2030 (Tex. App. – Waco March 14, 2012, no pet.))  Has been applied to more than just negligence

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Contractual Indemnity: “Conspicuousness” Test  Dresser Industries v. Page Petroleum, Inc., 853 S.W.2d 505 (Tex. 1987)  Adopted UCC definition of conspicuousness:  Reasonable person standard  E.g., capital headings, larger font size, contrasting font color, bold type, etc.  Sliding scale of acceptability

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Contractual Indemnity: Fair Notice Requirements  “Actual Notice” or “Actual Knowledge” exception  Definitely applies to “Conspicuousness” test  Application to “Express Negligence” doctrine unsettled  (See Sydlik v. REEIII, Inc., 195 S.W.3d 329 (Tex. App. – Houston [14 th Dist.] 2006, no pet.))

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Statutes Affecting or Providing Indemnity  Texas Anti-Indemnity Act  (T EX. I NS. C ODE § , et seq.)  Architect/Engineer Anti-Indemnity Statute  (T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EMEDIES C ODE § , et seq.)  Texas Oilfield Anti-Indemnity Act  (T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EMEDIES C ODE § , et seq.)  Products Liability Indemnity Statute  (T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EMEDIES C ODE § , et seq.)

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Texas Anti-Indemnity Act: Scope  Applies to:  a “construction contract”;  for a “construction project”;  for which an indemnitor is provided or procures insurance subject to Chapter 151 or Title 10 of the Texas Insurance Code  Chapter 151 relates to Consolidated Insurance Programs  Title 10 relates to regulations for property and casualty insurance in Texas  Includes standard CGL and WC coverages

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Texas Anti-Indemnity Act: Important Definitions  Definition of “construction contract” is broad, and includes a range of private and public contracts, subcontracts, and agreements  Definition of “construction project” includes construction, maintenance, or repair of improvements to real property  Excludes certain smaller-scale projects

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Texas Anti-Indemnity Act: Application  If applicable, voids a provision that indemnifies a party for its own negligence or fault  Also applies to agreements “collateral to or affecting” applicable contracts  Broad form and intermediate form indemnity not permitted if Act applies  “Additional insured” issues

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Texas Anti-Indemnity Act: Notable Exceptions  Does not apply to:  Consolidated Insurance Programs  Indemnification for claims for bodily injury to or death of “the indemnitor, its agent, or its subcontractor of any tier”  Breach of contract or breach of warranty claims  Public works projects of a municipality

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Texas CPRC : Architects and Engineers  Voids any provision in a construction contract requiring a contractor to indemnify a registered architect or licensed engineer for liability relating to:  Certain defects in materials of architect or engineer; or  Negligence of the architect or engineer in the rendition or conduct of certain professional duties  Also voids certain provisions providing indemnification to owners

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Texas Oilfield Anti-Indemnity Act (T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EM. C ODE § , et seq.)  Generally renders void indemnification provisions for an indemnitee’s own negligence in contracts pertaining to oil, gas, or water wells or mines for other minerals  However, indemnity supported by liability insurance not prohibited  If unilateral indemnity, $500,000 cap  If mutual indemnity, indemnity obligation is limited to the extent of the coverage and dollar limits of insurances each party as indemnitor has agreed to obtain  Statute contains a number of exclusions

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP CPRC Chapter 82: Manufacturer/Seller Indemnity  Applies to products liability actions  Requires a “manufacturer” to indemnify a “seller” against loss except for the seller’s:  Negligence;  Intentional misconduct; or  Other act or omission for which the seller is independently liable

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP CPRC Chapter 82: Manufacturer/Seller Indemnity  Who is a manufacturer?  Who is a seller?  A person who merely provides services is not a seller  Manufacturers are always sellers, but sellers are not always manufacturers  (See General Motors Corporation v. Hudiburg Chevrolet, Inc., 199 S.W.3d 249 (Tex. 2006))

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP CPRC Chapter 82: Manufacturer/Seller Indemnity  What constitutes recoverable “loss”?  “Reasonable damages” includes amounts paid by the seller in settlement

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP CPRC Chapter 82: Manufacturer/Seller Indemnity: Trigger and Scope of Duty  Duty to indemnity applies regardless of manner in which the products liability action is concluded :  Settlement;  Judgment; or  Dismissal  No showing of manufacturer liability is required to trigger statutory duty to indemnify  Instead, triggered by pleadings  However, duty to indemnify not implicated unless the pleadings can be fairly read to allege a defect in the manufacturer’s product  Issues raised by multiple manufacturer defendants

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP CPRC Chapter 82: Manufacturer/Seller Indemnity: Manufacturer “Outs”  Manufacturer may escape indemnity obligation by proving seller’s independent culpable conduct  Innocent manufacturer of a component product that is not defective may be considered an innocent “seller” and owed reciprocal indemnification

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Common Law Indemnity: Rare But Still There  Some vestiges of common law indemnity survive today, e.g.:  Purely vicarious employer liability  Purely vicarious landlord-tenant liability  Manufacturer’s duty to indemnify innocent seller  Must be a judicial determination or admission that a wrongdoer could be legally liable

kasowitz benson torres & friedman llp KASOWITZ BENSON TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP Protect Yourself! Drafting Tips  Indemnitee – insist on provision against strict construction  Indemnitor – do the opposite  Indemnitee – go for gross and beyond  Indemnitor – push for exclusion of gross negligence, intentional torts, etc.  Be conspicuous!  Specify claims, levels of negligence, damages  Consider using multiple indemnity provisions in construction contracts  Severability clause  Expressly include agreement to defend

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