INTRODUCTION TO ABSOLUTE (RADIOMETRIC) DATING

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Presentation transcript:

INTRODUCTION TO ABSOLUTE (RADIOMETRIC) DATING

Learning Targets 4a) I can distinguish between absolute and relative dating. (DOK 1) 4b) I can define what an isotope is and describe how radioactive isotopes decay (DOK 1) 4e) I can identify and analyze key strengths and limitations of using radioactive decay in absolute dating. (DOK 1-2)

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do scientists use absolute dating to build a model of the Earth’s history?

ABSOLUTE DATING

Isotopes All atoms are isotopes!!! Number of protons stay the same Number of neutrons changes http://education.jlab.org/glossary/isotope.gif

Isotopes Example: 14C and 12C Both have 6 protons, but 14C has 8 neutrons where 12C only has 6 http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/carbon-14.gif

Radioactivity Some atoms are not stable These atoms emit particles to achieve stability http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/radioactivity.gif

Radioactivity There are three types of particles emitted Alpha particles Beta Particles Gamma Rays

Alpha Particles Charge = +2 (2 protons) Mass = 4 (2 protons + 2 neutrons) Large, easily stopped by paper © The Geological Society of America, 2003

Beta Particles Charge = -1 Mass = negligible Small, more penetrating particle, but still easily stopped http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/elementaryparticles/betaparticleenergy.JPG

Beta Particles Neutron decays Electron leaves nucleus Atomic number goes up 1 http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/elementaryparticles/betaparticleenergy.JPG

Gamma Rays Pure energy No change in atom Very penetrating, but cause little damage http://www.arpansa.gov.au/images/basics/all_pen.jpg

ABSOLUTE (RADIOMETRIC) DATING Based on decay rates of different atoms Rate of decay stated as half- life http://www.bible.ca/tracks/dating-radiometric-cartoon.gif

Half-life © The Geological Society of America, 2003 Time it takes for ½ of the radioactive atoms to decay into its daughter atoms

Half-life Atoms used in geologic dating have long half-lives Parent Daughter Half-life Uranium-238 Lead-206 4,470 million years Uranium-235 Lead-207 704 million years Potassium-40 Argon-40 1,250 million years Rubidium-87 Strontium-87 48,800 m. y. Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14 5,730 years

Half life Scientists use both decay and production curves © The Geological Society of America, 2003 Scientists use both decay and production curves

Assigning Ages http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiversity/en/thumb/4/4b/Radiometricdatingmineral.png/400px-Radiometricdatingmineral.png Using the proportion of daughter atom in a sample, its age can be determined

Major Principle of Absolute dating

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Explain the main concepts of how scientists use absolute (radiometric) dating to determine the age of objects.