Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-3 Recognizing Fallacies 1-A Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since one event preceded another event, the first event must have caused the second? a) Hasty generalization b) Limited choice c) False cause d) Appeal to ignorance
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-4 Recognizing Fallacies 1-A Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since one event preceded another event, the first event must have caused the second? a) Hasty generalization b) Limited choice c) False cause d) Appeal to ignorance
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-5 Recognizing Fallacies 1-A Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something has not been proved to be false, it must therefore be true? a) Hasty generalization b) Limited choice c) Diversion (red herring) d) Appeal to ignorance
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-6 Recognizing Fallacies 1-A Which of the following describes an argument based on the idea that since something has not been proved to be false, it must therefore be true? a) Hasty generalization b) Limited choice c) Diversion (red herring) d) Appeal to ignorance
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-7 Propositions and Truth Values 1-B Which of the following is not a proposition? a) Amy has green eyes. b) What is your IQ? c) = 15 d) Toads can sing opera.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-8 Propositions and Truth Values 1-B Which of the following is not a proposition? a) Amy has green eyes. b) What is your IQ? c) = 15 d) Toads can sing opera.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-9 Propositions and Truth Values 1-B If p is false and q is false, then which of the following is true? a) p or not q b) p and not q c) p or q d) p and q
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-10 Propositions and Truth Values 1-B If p is false and q is false, then which of the following is true? a) p or not q b) p and not q c) p or q d) p and q
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-11 Conditional 1-B if p, then q Alternative Phrasings p is sufficient for qp will lead to qp implies q q is necessary for pq if pq whenever p
Variations on the Conditional Conditional if p, then q If you are sleeping, then you are breathing. Converse if q, then p If you are breathing, then you are sleeping. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide B
Variations on the Conditional Conditional if p, then q If you are sleeping, then you are breathing. Inverse if not p, then not q If you are not sleeping, then you are not breathing. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide B
Variations on the Conditional Conditional if p, then q If you are sleeping, then you are breathing. Contrapositive if not q, then not p If you are not breathing, then you are not sleeping. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide B
Variations on the Conditional Conditional and the Contrapositive Have the same truth tables, thus are logically equivalent! Converse and Inverse Have the same truth tables, thus are logically equivalent! Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide B
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-16 Sets and Venn Diagrams 1-C Which of the following sets are not disjoint? a) Mothers and sons b) Mothers and daughters c) Mothers and fathers d) Fathers and daughters
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-17 Sets and Venn Diagrams 1-C Which of the following sets are not disjoint? a) Mothers and sons b) Mothers and daughters c) Mothers and fathers d) Fathers and daughters
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-18 Sets and Venn Diagrams 1-C Use the Venn diagram below to find out how many people ordered cake. a) 8 b) 6 c) 12 d) 14 Deserts CakeIce cream
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-19 Sets and Venn Diagrams 1-C Use the Venn diagram below to find out how many people ordered cake. a) 8 b) 6 c) 12 d) 14 Deserts CakeIce cream
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-20 Analyzing Arguments 1-D All cats have four legs. Some cats are white. Some four-legged animals are white. Which of the following describes this argument? a) Valid and sound b) Not valid and sound c) Valid and not sound d) Not valid and not sound
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-21 Analyzing Arguments 1-D All cats have four legs. Some cats are white. Some four-legged animals are white. Which of the following describes this argument? a) Valid and sound b) Not valid and sound c) Valid and not sound d) Not valid and not sound
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-22 Analyzing Arguments 1-D Use inductive reasoning to test the following mathematical rules. Which statement do you think is false? a) b) c)d)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-23 Analyzing Arguments 1-D Use inductive reasoning to test the following mathematical rules. Which statement do you think is false? a) b) c)d)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-24 Critical Thinking in Everyday Life 1-E Which of the following are stated explicitly in an argument? a) Hidden assumptions b) Missing information c) Valid premises d) Other possible conclusions
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-25 Critical Thinking in Everyday Life 1-E Which of the following are stated explicitly in an argument? a) Hidden assumptions b) Missing information c) Valid premises d) Other possible conclusions
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-26 Critical Thinking in Everyday Life 1-E To help make a complex argument clear, visual aids may include all except which of the following? a) Written descriptions b) Venn diagrams c) Graphs d) Flow charts
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-27 Critical Thinking in Everyday Life 1-E To help make a complex argument clear, visual aids may include all except which of the following? a) Written descriptions b) Venn diagrams c) Graphs d) Flow charts