Economic Growth The United States needed to secure new markets in other countries. The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in some Central American nations. These nations were called banana republics. Promoting Economic Growth

1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments:

Sugarcane Plantation, Hawaii (p. 605)

Changing times - Arguments for US expansion Economic - overproduction and surplus needed new markets US business abroad increased call for government involvement – –Banana Republics

American Foreign Trade: Commercial/Business Interests

2. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

Changing times - Arguments for US expansion American Security overseas The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (Alfred T. Mahan) – –Importance of a nation’s navy – –1880s - first battleships – – Naval Act - $ to build a larger fleet

Alfred T. Mahan (p. 608)

American Security An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S. Interests. By 1900, the United States had one of the most powerful navies in the world. Protecting American Security

3. Social Darwinist Thinking The White Man’s Burden The Hierarchy of Race

The American Moral Obligation: (a new “White Man’s Burden) Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and modern civilization to less developed nations around the world was a noble pursuit. American Moral Obligation

4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

5. Closing the American Frontier

Changing times - Arguments for US expansion The American Spirit: Culturally Closing the Frontier = limit development of American character: Needed to expand. – –Henry Cabot Lodge – –Frederick Jackson Turner (frontier thesis) – –Theodore Roosevelt Anglo-Saxon civilization: – –Josiah Strong (minister) – –Albert Beveridge (Senator) – –Could extend civilization to heathen (un-Christian peoples) Social Darwinists – –Survival of the Fittest Civilizations

American Empire

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty 1890 – McKinley Tariff American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaii

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S. Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools Root-Takahira Agreement.

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.

Japan

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Alaska

Causes of the Spanish-American War The USS Maine was stationed in Havana harbor. Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President McKinley. The USS Maine exploded, and the American public blamed Spain. Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain. Steps to War

The Imperialist Tailor

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The “Rough Riders”

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War” How prepared was the US for war?

A Splendid Little War May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours. July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill. July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships. “A Splendid Little War”

The Battle of San Juan Hill (p. 618)

Cuba

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!

De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio Aguinaldo L eader of the Filipino Uprising. July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines Great administrator.

Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

Treaty of Paris (1898) The Spanish government recognized Cuba’s independence. Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in return for $20 million. The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States. The Treaty of Paris

After the Spanish-American War in the Philippines

The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

Debating Imperialism Anti-Imperialists A moral and political argument: Expansionism was a rejection of our nation’s founding principle of “liberty for all.” A racial argument: Imperialism was just another form of racism. An economic argument: Expansion involved too many costs. Maintaining the armed forces required more taxation, debt, and possibly even compulsory, or required, military service. In addition, laborers from other countries would compete for jobs with U.S. workers. Pro-Imperialists Imperialism offered a new kind of frontier for American expansion. A new international frontier would keep Americans from losing their competitive edge. Access to foreign markets made the economy stronger. In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet, part of the United States Navy, on a cruise around the world to demonstrate U.S. naval power to other nations. American citizens clearly saw the advantages of having a powerful navy.

Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) 1.Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2.The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3.Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt

American Public Opinion Most Americans favored US Expansion Conquest of Western US complete Extend influence (not conquer) to other nations

The Philippines and the Spanish-American War

Puerto Rico: 1898 Foraker Act Foraker Act.  PR became an “unincorporated territory.”  Citizens of PR, not of the US.  Import duties on PR goods  the Insular Cases.  Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.  Congress had the power to decide these rights.  Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: – Jones Act.  Gave full territorial status to PR.  Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.  PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.  PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections.  A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

Panama: The King’s Crown Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur. Dr. Walter Reed. Colonel W. Goethals Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

Panama

The Panama Canal

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power power.

The Roosevelt Corollary

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy “Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers. Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America. Roosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open door to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.

Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

The Open Door Policy

America as a Pacific Power

Open Door in China

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907

The Great White Fleet

Foreign Policy After Roosevelt William Howard Taft Elected President in 1908 Taft believed in maintaining influence through American investments, not military might. This policy was called dollar diplomacy. The United States reached new heights of international power under Roosevelt and Taft. However, the policies of both Presidents also created enemies in Latin America and a growing international resentment of U.S. intervention. Woodrow Wilson Under Wilson, the United States applied more moral and legalistic standards to foreign policy decisions. Wilson’s policy drew the United States into the complex and bloody Mexican Revolution. Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” did not work well in Mexico. Many lives were lost, and U.S. financial interests lost ground. U.S.–Mexico relations were strained for many years.

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

Expansionism

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Emiliano Zapata Francisco I Madero Venustiano Carranza Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: s

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”