By Bohlooli S, PhD School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
Nitroimidazole antiprotozoal drug Potent antibacterial activity against anaerobes Well absorbed after oral administration Widely distributed in all tissues including brain and CSF Metabolized in the liver Treatment of anaerobic or mixed intra-abdominal infections, vaginitis, brain abscess Adverse effects: Nausea, diarrhea, stomatitis, and peripheral neuropathy Disulfiram-like effect
Produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens Rapidly inactivated after absorption Available as an ointment for topical application Mupirocin is active against gram-positive cocci: including methicillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus Inhibits staphylococcal isoleucyl tRNA synthetase High level Resistance: Presence of a second isoleucyl tRNA synthetase gene Indicated for topical treatment of minor skin infections, such as impetigo
Basic peptides active against gram-negative bacteria Act like cationic detergents Attach to and disrupt bacterial cell membranes Restricted to topical use Ointments containing polymyxin B, 0.5 mg/g, in mixtures with bacitracin or neomycin
Bacteriostatic and bactericidal for many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria P aeruginosa and strains of proteus are resistant Nitrofurantoin is well absorbed after ingestion Excreted into the urine by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion Contraindicated in significant renal insufficiency Application limited to lower urinary tract infections It is desirable to keep urinary pH below 5.5 Advrese effects Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and hypersensitivity reactions Antagonizes the action of nalidixic acid
Methenamine Mandelate Methenamine Hippurate Below pH 5.5, methenamine releases formaldehyde, which is antibacterial Acidifying agents like ascorbic acid hasten the activity Excreted unchanged in the urine Bactericidal for some gram-negative bacteria Sulfonamides should not be given concurrently
HS, highly susceptible; S, susceptible; MS, moderately susceptible; R, resistant; V, variable;..., no data.