By Ryan Murray

Crops decimated by Crop eating diseases (Stietsma, 1973)

Corn Fields killed by Stewarts

 DDT  Dioxin (Agent Orange)

 Garsney (2001) Johnson, D. and P. Lucas (2001)

 Finding bio controls- fight off diseases and pests Alternate Hypotheses 1.If Soybean Plants exposed to Pythium and Fusarium are treated with P.Putida, Fungal Mycelium, and S. griesevoridis, the infections will decrease 2. If soybean plants exposed to Root Knot Nematodes are treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, the infestation will decrease.

Healthy soybean root Infected with Pythium Healthy soybean root

 (Sietsma,1973) Wall structure and Growth in Pythium Bacterial Infection. Cambridge University Press Fungal Mycelium

(Ajello,1979)

 Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press. Adapted from Bergstrom (1993)

 (Tari,1988) Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol. August 1988

 Ester (2003) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Ames, Iowa. Rhabditid Nematode attacking root knots Root- Knot Nematodes

(Kachlany, 2002)

 Against resident levels of Fusarium-reduced Fusarium infection by 16%

 Distinct similarities between the three diseases. SOYBEAN PLANTS Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses (Domier, 2009)

N= 50 Soybean Plants N=10 Exposed to Pythium N=10 Exposed to Fusarium N=10 Exposed to Stewart’s (rootknots) Treated with P.putida, Fungal Mycelium and S. griseoviridis Treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Time = 30 days Measurements taken using Diluting Fluid (measuring volume of bacterial infection) and Leaf health scale SPPS Statistical Analysis by ANOVA comparing the various bio controls to the control followed by Sheffe Post Hoc Test where p<.05 N=10 ControlN=10 Exposed to Root Knots (No Stewarts)

 All strains must be kept isolated from one another to avoid contamination  Plants infected by injection or pin-prick method  Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by ingestion in medium

Vendor Order NumberQuantDescriptionPrice Carolina Online Pseudomonas Putida, Living tube$9.20 CarolinaNP Fusarium Oxysporum$9.20 Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang1Root Knot Nematodes Carolina Online Walter QZG Zoom Stereomicroscope$ BD CATALOG Diluting fluid- used to count Bacteria Carolina Online Pyrex® Vista™ Test Tubes 50 count$14.50 Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang1Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Carolina Online Bean, Soy, Viable Seed, 1 lb$8.75 Still SearchingFungal Mycelium

1. Pythium, Fusarium, and Root Knots obtainable by online and collegiate sources 2. P.Putida, Mycelium, S. griseoviridis, and Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita; available online at Carolina and at other sources

 Bagnall, R.. Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of chemical treatment of the nutrient solution. University of Pretoria Biological Journal Pgs 4-24  Bergstrom, Gary C. Biocontrol for plants with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Sporobolomyces roseus. Cornell Research Foundation, Inc pgs  Deng, Zhanao. Pythium Root Rot Resistance in Commercial Caladium Cultivars. HortSci Journal Volume 40 Issue 3. pgs  Domier, L. Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses. ARS Society Research Program. (2009)  Ester.Stewarts Disease. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003)  Garsney.5 Star Biology Review. “Bio-controls”  Gilardi, Gerald. “Pseudomonas”. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ©1992  Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CAB International Publisher (2006) pp. 505  Howard,DH. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (2nd ed.) New York. Routledge, USA. (2003)  Jarvis, W.R. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul Pg 288.  Kloepper. Bacterial cultures for root-colonizing plants.Cominco Fertilizers Research. Volume 6. April, 1996.Pg 71.  Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press.(2003) pgs  Owen-Going, T.N.; Sutton, J.C.; Grodzinski, B. Relationships of Pythium isolates and sweet pepper plants in single-plant hydroponic units. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology Volume25. Pages  Tari. PH Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol. 54(8). August   Walsh TJ, Dixon DM “Spectrum of Mycoses”. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).(1996).  Wyss, P. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and Soil Journal. Volume 147, Number 1.November,