December 7, 2009 BReading Ch. 14 BFinal Exam date: TU, Dec. 15 Material covered: Ch. 13, 14, 15, 16(?) + movie Lab-Created Artificial Pork a Reality, Bacon Fans Ready for the Apocalypse Scientists in the Netherlands have created the world's first and only artificial pork. Scientists pulled out their meat from extracted pig cells called "myoblasts" that were incubated in nutrients, multiplied and formed into delicious fake bacon. What's next on their to-do list? Using those same pig cells to form artificial "Baconnaise" to glob on top of the artificial meat. But we're not quite there yet, folks. Scientists aren't sure how the meat tastes since they aren't allowed to eat their own experiments -- still, the new discovery has the potential to eradicate world hunger by eliminating the need for vast production, while also reducing American obesity by completely turning them off of meat altogether.

Caudipteryx Saurischians (lizard-hipped) BSauropods Giant herbivores  Brachiosaurus  Apatosaurus (“Brontosaurus”) BTheropods Carnivores  Tyrannosaurus  Caudipteryx Ancestors of birds Guanlong wucaii

Dino-to-Bird BTransitional fossils Archaeopteryx Limusaurus Archaeopteryx Limusaurus

Ornithischians (bird-hipped) BArmored Stegosaurus Ankylosaurus BDuck billed Hadrosaurus BRimmed head Triceratops Hadrosaurus Ankylosaurus

Pterosaurs (Flying Reptiles) BInitially bird sized gliders Likely rode on updrafts BLargest in Cretaceous Ex: Quetzalcoatlus Jeholopterus Pterandon

Evolution of Mammals BEvolved from synapsids (mammal-like reptiles) BSkeletal distinctions: Middle ear--3 bones Lower jaw--1bone Teeth were differentiated Palate Repenomamus

Evolution of Mammals BEgg layers Monotremes (Platypus) BLive birth Marsupials (pouched)  Premature births  Safer for mom Placentals  Birth when ready  Mom at risk

K/T Extinction B3rd largest Wiped out ~1/4-1/2 life BPuzzling evidence: Marine environment  Total loss of ammonites & reptiles (both in decline)  Tropical groups hit hard –Water cooling and regressing Land environment  Decline of angiosperms  Dinosaurs in decline  Not affected –Mammals--placentals became dominant –Turtles, snakes, lizards

Extinction Hypotheses BImpact hypothesis Based on iridium anomaly Chicxulub crater Global cooling, acid rain, fires BVolcanic hypothesis Gigantic lava floods in India, Brazil Ash and CO 2 production BRegression Altered habitats, climate

Cenozoic Era BRemaining 65 my Only 1.5% of time BBetter fossil record More divisions

Cenozoic Climate BEarly greenhouse climate BPaleocene warm peak Evidence  Oxygen isotopes  Leaf features  Cold water extinctions Cause  Methane hydrates

Cenozoic Climate BCooling events throughout Cenozoic Steady decline of temperature BCauses? Plate tectonics affecting water circulation

Marine Cenozoic Life: Marine BWho’s gone: Rudists (reefs) Ammonites BWho took over: Scleractinians (reefs) Plankton recovered  Foraminifera –Globigerinids (bubble) BNew animals Ex: sand dollars, nummulitid foraminiferans Mammals replaced predators  Seals, walruses, whales