Solar Industry Overview Industry Funding (3-5) -- follow the money! Major technologies (3-4) Manufacturing process & challenges: quality & reliability (3) Solar Value Chain (1) Installations – residential and commercial (1-2) Future System building and building integration (2-3) Industry Funding (3-5) -- follow the money! Competitive landscape Industry Growth Careers Business Opportunities Key players Career paths (sample job description) Salaries Training Opportunities / Education seminars What you might need

Alternative Energy Industry Overview Include team member intro slide and an outline Where does solar fit in with other “clean” technologies? Have circle around PV, and solar is 1% of overall power generation

Solar PV Technologies What types of technologies exist within the solar industry?

Solar Efficiency How well do each of the technologies work? Include efficiency on y-axis

Technological Comparison Technology Advantage Disadvantage c-Si High efficiency Abundance of material High cost to manufacture High cost of materials a-Si Low cost Abundant and safe material Low efficiency Degrades with temperature increase CIGS Bandgap tunability Scarcity of Indium Cd is toxic Reliability has not been tested CdTe Te is scarce Concentrating solar Takes up a lot of room Transmission of energy over long distances Why should you use one technology over another?

What are the physics behind the different solar technologies?

Solar Cell Construct-Silicon Based Monocrystalline Si Cell Amorphous Si Cell What does a silicon solar cell look like? Amorphous Si & Microcrystalline Cell

Silicon Solar Cell Manufacturing Flow How is a silicon solar cell manufactured?

Thin Film Cell Construct Cadmium Telluride/Cadmium Sulfide Cell Copper Indium Selenide Copper Indium Gallium Selenide

Thin Film Solar Cell Manufacturing Process Process Step Technology Used TCO Deposition, Front and Scribing Active Layer Deposition Activation Scribing and TCO Deposition, Back Interconnect and Encapsulation Sputtering and Laser Co-evaporation or Sputtering or Ink Jet Printing or Electro deposition Chemical Bath or PVD (Phys Vapor Dep) Mechanical and Sputtering Lamination Annealing & Sulfurization or RTA CdS Deposition Substrate Active layer Sulfurization CdS layer Interconnect Resulting Structure TCO contact

Selected Thin Film Landscape TF Silicon CdTe CIS Conversion efficiency 6-8% 8-11% <8-13% Variants a-Si CdTe Cu/In/S a-Si/a-Si Cu/In/Se a-Si/uc-Si Cu/In/Ga/Se a/Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe Selected manufacturers Unisolar (US) First Solar (USA) Daishowa Shell (Japan) Kaneka (Japan) Avancis (Germany) Mitsubishi (Japan) Wuerth (Germany) Sharp (Japan) Sulfurcell (Germany) Schott (Germany) Miasole (USA) Sanyo (Japan) Global Solar (USA) Sionar (Taiwan) Nanosolar (USA) Evergreen Solar/ESLR (US) Solyndra (USA) HelioSphera (Greece) Flexcell (Switzweland) CSG Solar (Germany) Process PE-CVD Vapor transport Various Who are the different manufacturers of the different solar technologies? Slide needs to be redone, focus on major US companies, have a table with companies and major technologies

Thin Film PV Companies in US a-Si/Thin-Si Uni-Solar –MI Applied Materials –CA Power Films –IA Energy PV –NJ MV Systems –CO XsunX –CA OptiSolar –CA Signet Solar –CA Nano PV –NJ MWOE Solar –OH Proto Flex –CO New Solar Ventures –NM Innovalight –CA Nanogram –CA Soltaix –CA Sierra Solar Power –CA Evergreen Solar/ESLR –MA Sencera –NC AOS Solar Ampulse CdTe First Solar –OH Primestar Solar –CO AVA Solar –CO Solar Fields –OH Canrom –NY Ascentool –CA Nuvo Solar Energy –CO Zia Watt Solar –TX Solexant –CA Xunlight 26 Solar –OH Sunovia –FL NewCve –GA Bloo Solar –CA CIGS Global Solar –AZ Miasole –CA Energy PV –NJ Ascent Solar –CO ISET –CA ITN/ES –CO Daystar –NY Nanosolar –CA Heliovolt –TX Solo Power –CA Solyndra –CA RESI –NJ Light Solar –NV Ampulse –TN Dow Chemicals –MI Stion –CA Sort out by state/region

Wafer Based PV Value Chain Poly-Si Feedstock 10% Ingot/Wafer Production 10% Cell Production 25% Module Assembly 25% System Integration, Distribution and Installation 30% Thin Film Based PV Value Chain Glass Production 20% Cell Production (CdTe, CIS) 20% Module Assembly 25% System Integration, Distribution and Installation 35%

Major Polysilicon Manufacturers Wacker -Germany Hemlock –USA LDK - China Dow Corning - USA MEMC -USA REC Silicon -Norway Tokuyama -Japan Mitsubishi Materials -Japan Sumitomo Titanium -Japan

Si Wafer Start Up 1366 Technologies -MA 21-Century Silicon - TX 6N Silicon - ON Advent Solar AE Polysilicon Blue Square Energy - MD CaliSolar - CA Confluence Solar - MO ET Solar Gamma Solar NorSun Peak Sun Silicon -OR RSI Silicon - PA SBM Solar - CA Senergen Devices - CA Silicon Genesis - CA Solar Notion Solaicx - CA Solar Cell Repower - Norway SpectraWatt - OR Wriota Add locations to the list

Worldwide Solar Module Demand Worldwide solar module demand (MW) Crystalline solar is projected to remain over 80% of the market for the foreseeable future Long-term reliability & track record Current polysilicon prices are adding significantly to production costs Innovation and supply will bring the price of polysilicon down Currently $1.161 per watt on average Long-term $0.512 per watt We believe the reduction of over 2x makes crystalline price competitive and expands the market The key factor dictating success in this market is COST LOW COST WINS 15,372 13,587 10,828 CAGR: 43.7% 7,467 Does anyone have any better – “later” data or a better slide? This was before 2008 4,044 2,824 1,747 Source: Wall Street research 1 Based on 2008 estimated cost of polysilicon of $110/kg and 10.5 grams/watt 2 Based on 2012 estimated cost of polysilicon of $60/kg and 8.5 grams/watt 16

Top 10 PV Companies (2007-2008) No. Name Technology Country Production (MW) 1 Q-Cells Si Germany 389 2 Sharp Si Japan 363 3 Suntech Si China 327 4 Kyocera Si Japan 207 5 First Solar CdTe USA 207 6 Motech Si Taiwan 196 7 Sanyo Si Japan 165 8 SunPower Si USA 150 9 Baoding Si China 143 10 SolarWorld Si Germany 140 More recent data? Combine with previous slide? This appear to be 2007 numbers.

Where are we going with the technology? Highway signs BIPV – Building Integrated PV – ake shingles from the PV and make the roof from the shingles… Mounted means – just nailed down on the roof

The Race to $1/ Watt-Grid Parity Higher efficiency leads lower costs -- JF will review and reformat this material How close are we to GRID parity?

Cell Technology Market Share Blow up and make readable == identify who are the big players in each technology?

Case Study Residential Solar installation 2000 square foot house 3.5 KW system

Residential Solar System (Pros) Reduce cost of electrical power Opportunity in remodeling, upgrade home value Doing “my thing” in improving environment EXAMPLE: 2000 sq ft home: approximately 7600 pound of CO2 averted per year Lower energy cost for the future, especially in retirement Tax incentives, putting tax money to good use Possible leasing versus purchasing Who would want a solar system and how can it become cost effective?

Residential Solar System (Cons) Mobile society, not stay around long enough to reap the benefits Initial outlay of investment, SLOW ROI, 7 to 8 years to break even point Installation, disruption, possible additional structural needs Solar panel failure, inverter failure Having to periodically clean PV panels, breakage and hazard Other problems, roof leaks, wind damage, etc. Opportunity cost: Bathroom remodel plus new heater and insulation (instant ROI if sell home and WITH energy savings Add a bedroom plus bathroom (226 sq. ft. at $160 per) AND rent it out for $600/month net: break even ROI: 5 years. NEW TECHNOLOGIES: reduced cost of system, longer life, better output, balance DC to AC inverter integrated systems Inhibitors to solar technologies

Choosing a Contractor If need a new roof: roofer/solar contractor may have an advantage as it is VERY CLEAR who is responsible if there are roof leaks. Get 4 quotes, make sure you are looking at the latest offerings ISSUES: Poor quality invertors, contractor may not install what they said they would install, undersized DC cables, and may have extra costs to connect to home AC panel/grid thus your ROI is less. Make sure quotes use same AC rate increase plan 5% to 9% seen in quotes, in this economy will the rate increase slow down? ReGrid Power, NextEnergy, PetersonDeanRoofing, too many to list How to buy a solar power system

Considerations for Purchasing a System System size Installation location Warranty Initial cost, payment outlay Maintenance Costs Independent system or connected to grid PPA: if you sell your home, can you afford to get out of the agreement? Investment alternatives:

What is real system performance? What is advertised performance? How is performance defined? How is performance measured? Solar profile of installation site Weather, dirt Shadowing, daily profile Electrical cable lengths Efficiency versus temperature Inverter Questions to ask the solar company

Calculation of ROI, Parameters Demographics of Usage Peak power requirements-Are they to be satisfied? Average power usage Cost of system Tax incentives Actual cost of system System operational parameters Efficiency Degradation Power generation Power cost Electrical bill per today’s pricing, Future inflation, Future usage increase, decrease System generated power cost in long term Savings Years to crossover point

Considerations for Long Term Operation System performance degradation Solar panel efficiency Weathering, dirt Sunlight availability, shadowing, Cost of grid available power, inflation New technology, upgrading of system Balancing of modules

How will new technology affect ROI? Implementation on current system Power generation balancing Anti-weathering coatings Sunlight reflection onto panels Solar tracking Electrical power storage Addition of storage capability

Comparative Sample Calculation Demographics Home with 2000 square feet Partitioned into living quarters for one family And 2 separate master bedrooms for single occupants No air conditioning Composite roof Facing south west, plenty of sunlight, no shading Plenty of roof space for solar panels Comparing Sharp, First Solar, BP Solar and Sunpower PV panel based installations Simple calc, only used the expected AC savings, expected AC cost increases (at 2% and 5% per year rate assumptions), panel degradation and net of tax rebate costs used. NOTE: Assumes CLEAN dust free sap free panels CAUTION: Sales person my use 9% AC cost increases per year other inflation rate items and not take into account panel output degradation to show 2 or 3X the savings. GOOD NEWS: up to 7600 pound of CO2 averted per year These solar systems have 7 to 8 year to reach break even point and $28K to $45K savings in 18 years (18 years is PPA life and may be the “half life” for the Silcon based panels.)

Comparative ROI Calculation Panel Type, Supplier Sharp-PPA Sharp First Solar BP Solar SunPower Model No. ND-198U1F FS-276 BP175 SP2-210 Cell Technology Std Eff Silicon Thin Film CdS/CdTe Hi Energy Mono Silicon Area used on roof Square Feet 246 402 221 214 System Rating CEC A C KWh 2.9 2.4 System Cost $4,194 and $107/mo $24,669 $20,439 $22,939 $28,148 Cost net Rebates $4,194 $14,103 $10,660 $13,566 $16,626 Panel Degradation In years 80% in 25 yrs 90% at 10 years, 80% at 25 years 90% at 12 years, 80% at 25 years 80% in 25 years Degradation used in calculation 0.005 per year 0.008 per year OTHER MONITORING, Buy out $13,195 at 5 years, $3,564 at 18 years/end MONITORING PREPAID RECYCLING, MONITORING NONE, monitoring system not included Ave AC Bill Monthly Savings $152 $100 $120 $150 BREAK EVEN POINT 7 Years 8 Years If 5% AC cost increase per year, savings at year 18 $13,196 $44,576 $28,454 $34,947 $43,843 If 2% AC cost increase per year, savings at year 18 $10,863 $36,692 $24,140 $28,767 $36,089 Installers, wearhousing, sales jobs – not a great deal of manufacturing jobs in this area

What you might need Licenses Certifications Engineering Installation

Web Survey of “Best” Commercial PV Modules (2007-2008) Eff. (%) Module T.coef (%P/°C) Technology c/c-ratio 19.3 SunPower 315 -0.38 FZ-Si, ‘point contact’ 78% 17.4 Sanyo HIP-205BAE -0.30 CZ-Si, ‘HIT’ 70% 15.1 BP7190 -0.5 CZ-Si, ‘PERL’ 61% 14.2 Kyocera KC200GT Only for VOC MC-Si 67% 14.2 SolarWorld SW 185 Only for VOC CZ-Si 67% 13.4 SolarWorld SW 225 Only for VOC MC-Si 64% 13.4 Suntech STP 260S -24V/b MC-Si 63% 13.3 Sharp ND-216-U1 Not given MC-Si 63% 11.0 WürthSol. 11007/80 -0.36 CIGS 55% 10.4 First Solar FS-275 -0.25 CdTe 63% 8.5 Sharp NA-901-WP -0.24%/C a-Si/nc-Si 70% 6.3 Mitsubishi H. MA100 T2 -0.2 a-Si (1-j) 64% 6.3 Uni Solar PVL-136 (-0.21) a-Si (3-j) 52% 6.3 Kaneka T-SC Not given a-Si (1-j) 64% Delete this …

Examples of Thin Film Cells Q-Cell Q-Cell Q-Cell Q-Cell Move to appendix Q-Cell