1 SPIRIT Silicon Prairie Initiative on Robotics in Information Technology Modern Engineering Constraints

2 SPIRIT Concurrent Engineering  Design teams include others in addition to engineers  Manufacturing experts  Marketing and sales professionals  Reliability experts  Cost accountants  Lawyers  Concern with all these areas and their impact on the design is concurrent engineering.

3 SPIRIT -ilities  Concurrent engineering demands consideration of the complete life cycle of the product, process, or project.  Design for:  Manufacturability  Affordability  Reliability  Sustainability  Quality

4 SPIRIT Can this Design Be Made? (DFM)  The design of a product has an ENORMOUS impact on its manufacture.  A basic DFM methodology  Estimate the cost for a given alternative  Reduce the costs of components  Reduce the costs of assembly  Consider the effects on other objectives  If not acceptable, revise the design  REPEAT …

5 SPIRIT Design for Assembly (DFA)  Limit the number of components  Using standard components  Use a base component on which other components can be located  Use components the facilitate retrieval and assembly  Maximize accessibility during manufacturing and maintenance

6 SPIRIT Affordability  Engineering Economics  The time value of money  Money obtained sooner is more valuable than money obtained later.  Money spent sooner is more costly than money spent later.  Design decisions made today will translate into streams of “financial events” in the future.

7 SPIRIT Arthur M. Wellington’s definition of engineering “the art of doing that well with one dollar which any bungler can do with two.”

8 SPIRIT Reliability  To an engineer: the probability that an item will perform its function under stated conditions of use and maintenance for a stated measure of a variate.  Incidental failure  Catastrophic failure  Maintainability  Parts easily accessed and repaired  Redundancy

9 SPIRITSustainability  One generation’s progress can be the next’s nightmare.  Environmental responsibility is incorporated directly into the ethical obligations of engineering.  Air and water quality  Energy consumption  Disposal  Life cycle assessment analysis  Inventory  Impact  Improvement

10 SPIRIT Design for Quality  All of the –ilities are components of the design for quality  A quality design satisfies all constraints  Fully functional within the performance specifications  Meets the objectives as well or better than alternative designs  All the work of the design process is directed to design for quality.

11 SPIRIT House of Quality

12 SPIRIT Laptop Computer House of Quality

13 SPIRIT Silicon Prairie Initiative on Robotics in Information Technology Modern Engineering Challenges

14 SPIRIT Economic Leadership  U.S. must sustain its share of high-technology jobs.  Prepare for a new wave of change.  INNOVATION is the key.  Engineering is essential to the task.

15 SPIRIT 21 st Century Challenges  International Competitiveness  Rebuilding the Infrastructure  Air and Water Pollution  Energy

16 SPIRIT International Competitiveness  The U.S. has decided that manufacturing is “trivially easy” and is shifting to a service economy.  We celebrate the dramatic breakthrough – the “big science” engineering  There is very little praise for incremental improvements and painstaking execution - engineering

17 SPIRIT International Competitiveness  U.S. Emphasis on short-term profits product  Lack of product focus. Is the purpose of a business:  To make a profit?  To make a product?  Capital Investment  U.S. net annual capital investment is a small fraction of Japan’s  Automation (and robots) require capital

18 SPIRIT Rebuilding the Infrastructure  Most of U.S. constructed works need major repairs.  Highways and bridges are in bad shape.  Airports are clogged. Railroad tracks are buckling.  In 1981 the Army Corps of Engineers declared 3000 dams as unsafe.  Much has been done but not nearly enough. – MORE ENGINEERS!

19 SPIRIT Air and Water Pollution  Sulfur oxides from the burning of fossil fuels  Exhaust gasses: HC, CO, NO x, and photochemical oxidants  Agriculture is one of the biggest water polluters.  Salts, fertilizers, animal manure nitrogen  Pesticides  Water tables are falling in India, China, and the U.S.

20 SPIRIT Green Engineering

21 SPIRIT Energy  It requires 20 to 50 years to make the transition from a new energy concept to commercial practicality.  It would take another 30 to 50 years before enough capacity would exist to produce a quad (10 15 BTU)  We need to do something for the future – MORE ENGINEERS

22 SPIRIT 21 st Century Engineering Challenges  competition for limited resources  global population growth  energy sourcing and security  homeland security  aging infrastructure in some parts of the world and the lack of infrastructure in others  water and air pollution  global warming;  disposal of toxic waste  vanishing habitats and endangered species

23 SPIRIT 21 st Century Engineering Needs  Resourcefulness and ingenuity will be necessary to deal with these complex issues.  The solutions that must be developed and implemented will require engineering innovations.

24 SPIRIT

25 SPIRIT NAE Aspirations for 2020  We aspire to a public that will recognize the union of professionalism, technical knowledge, social and historical awareness, and traditions that serve to make engineers competent to address the world’s complex and changing challenges.