Reminiscences on Radio Communication By DR T.H. CHOWDARY * Director, Center for Telecom Management & Studies Chairman, Pragna Bharati (Intellect India), Andhra Pradesh Fellow: Tata Consultancy Service Ltd. * Former Information Technology Adviser, Government of A.P Chairman & Managing Director Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd., Bombay T: +91 (40) (O) ® F: +91 (40) (O)‏ Broadcasting Engineering Society, Hyderabad 15 Dec 2013

Independent India’s First Minister For Broadcasting Today Dec 15 is the 63 rd Vardhanti of Sardar Patel Independent India’s First Minister for Information & Broadcasting It would be most appropriate to dedicate our Annual Conventions to the Sardar’s Memory who unified and integrated Bharat as no emperor has ever done He was liberator of Hyderabad, integrator of India – a feat neither Ashoka nor Samudra Gupta nor Akbar nor the Queens & Kings of Great Briton (nor Bismark) could do. 2S705_Dec2013

Strong Man…Veto “The Sardar (Patel) was the strong man among the Indian leaders. Any discussion which failed to recognise the fact were likely to be unfruitful. He was essentially practical man with whom business could be done but if he was left out, he was in opposition to invoke a veto just as crippling as anything known to UNO – G.S.Bozman British Secretary, Information & Broadcasting Ministry (Source: Sardar Vallabhai Patel by B.Krishna; page 289) 3S705_Dec2013

Patel: blunt to Mountbatten, G.G “ We will deal with that question (Princes); leave it to us. You take no sides. Let paramountcy be dead – May 1947 “ You won’t govern yourself and you won’t let us govern” - Sept S705_Dec2013

They said these are of no value (1) I think there is a world market for, may be five computers”, said Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM in S705_Dec2013

They said these are of no value (2) “There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home” said Ken Olson, Chairman & Founder of Digital Computer Corporation in S705_Dec2013

They said these are of no value (3) “The telephone has too many short comings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us”. Read an internal Memo of the Western Union of the USA in S705_Dec2013

They said these are of no value (4) “The wireless music box ( Radio) has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular (i.e radio broadcast-THC) said David Sarnoff (the future Chairman of the famed Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in response to a wireless company urging him for investment in Radio manufacturing in S705_Dec2013

They said these are of no value (5) The same misanthropic view was expressed in regard to wireless communication. An Editorial in the prestigious journal, “The Electrician” stated in the year 1903 that, “ wireless over very long distances appears to us impossible. That the ether waves inherently tend to follow the curvature of the earth as suggested by some writers is an absurdity. 9S705_Dec2013

They said these are of no value (6) This last one was in the context of various scientists offering their views for publication in Electrician, the most authoritative journal of the time. 10S705_Dec2013

They said these are of no value (7) But all these very wise men proved to be absolutely fallible about which they expressed so much pessimism. All the devices attracted mass consumption 11S705_Dec2013

Wireless Communications 1 st demonstrated by Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose in Calcutta in 1895 But patented by Guglielmo Marconi Marconi Wireless telegraph Messages from Cornwall in England to Newfoundland, Canada 12S705_Dec2013

Wireless Propagation Ionosphere – Oliver Heavyside A Telegraph operator in New Castle till 1874 Theoretical & mathematical work Appleton - Discovery of a reflecting layer at a height of 90 Km & Effect of earth’s magnetic field Diurnal & seasonal variations Sun-spot cycles – Magnetic storms Short waves – Different Frequencies differently refracted Aerials – Arrays – Beams Radio Colony Delhi Receiving Station in Todapur, Delhi Monitoring : Simla 13S705_Dec2013

f1 f2 f3 Ɵ1 Ɵ2 Middle East Europe c Ɵ3 Journey thro’ Ionosphere or Heaviside/Appleton Layers 14S705_Dec2013

Limited Spectrum for Mobile Broadband Best mobile broadband (300 MHz-3.5 GHz) Bounces from the skyBounces inside rooms Penetrates buildings and terrain Reflects from buildings Follows Earth’s curvatureTravels in a straight line Fades in the rain 1 MHz10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10GHz 75 meters7.5 meters 0.75 meters 7.5 cm 75mm 15S705_Dec2013

Radio Spectrum- Bands & Frequency BandFrequency in GHZ BandFrequency in GHZ L1-2U40-60 S2-4V50-75 C4-8E60-90 X8-12W Ku12-18E Ka D Q30-50 Infra Red – Light - Ultra Violet Below 1 GHZ : LW, MW, SW, VHF, UHF, SHF 16S705_Dec2013 * Spectrum divided into Bands. Different bands allocated for different services –ITU *Assignments by National Licensors/ Regulators

Spectrum Requirements 2G3GBWA 10MHZ60MHZ500MHZ 900 & 1800MHZ bands 2,100 MHZ band2,300MHZ band 17S705_Dec2013

Broadcasting Sound & Pictures – 1910s & 1920s War of the worlds by H G Wells Private in India from Mumbai Government takes over Relays- Transmission Media: Coaxial Terrestrial MW USA Coast to Coast : S705_Dec2013

Communication Satellites Early Bird – 1965 Telstar: AT&T geo=-synchronous orbit 36,500 Km above the equator 100s of satellites – space debris Worldwide coverage DBS- TV & Radio 19S705_Dec2013

Marconi’s Clout- Private State Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Co (Later Cable & Wireless) out of BPO’s reach Scientist/Engineers vain tirade against BPO’s monopoly J A Fleming – 1901 Essay on detrimental effect of State Monopoly in electrical communication Domestic B’casts- monopoly but VOA, BBC, Radio Moscow, Radio Sri Lanka, PRC Jamming Radio Liberty/ Free Europe Gorbachev’s Glassnost- Collapse of USSR 20S705_Dec2013

Radio Frequency: Scarce Resource Myth of scarcity Government’s greed & scams & misapplication of spectrum revenues Efficient use of spectrum- different technologies Intelligent Radio Same all road width used by different brands of cars Why not all Telcos use all the full bandwidth? 21S705_Dec2013

Liberalisation of Broadcasting Private in 1920’s in Bombay Acquisition by Government Sardar Patel: Expansions- NDA- Satellite channels for private cos F.M spectrum auctions by I&B 839 FM Channels 400 KHZ spacing in 294 cities (>100K Pop) Rs.1532 cr licence fee Senseless: No news on F.M channels while allowed on TV channels 24 hours –Trash idiotize viewers Interent Radio & TV Stationary & Mobile Devices – Transistor, Radios, TV Sets, PCs, Cell-phones, Smart- phones 22S705_Dec2013

Sensible use Restrict to (12 to 16) hrs/day TV Channels & Radio (AIR & F.M) to be used for election – No rallies & meetings Internet voting ICT-based marriages Obligate to carry national programs on literature, culture, music, dance, history, science, projects 23S705_Dec2013

Dhanyawad: Thank You 24S705_Dec2013