 Dr Yunas Samad University of Bradford 1

 From Multiculturalism to Community Cohesion ◦ Brixton Riots ◦ Scarman Report  Multiculturalism ◦ Bradford, Burnley and Oldham Riots 2001 ◦ Cantle Report ◦ Ousley Report  Parallel lives ◦ Community Cohesion 2

 Debate ◦ Ludi Simpson and Debra Philips ◦ ◦ Charles Husband and Yunis Alam ◦ Segregation in schools ◦ Polemical material  Segregation to terrorism 3

 ‘Community cohesion’ – ◦ Shared sense of belonging, rights and responsibilities ◦ Diversity positively valued ◦ Similar life chances ◦ Positive relationships between people from different backgrounds ◦ Trust in fairness of institutions  Integration of new arrivals and established residents ◦ Socio-economic indicators ◦ Patterns of participation ◦ Sense of belonging ◦ Learn English 4

 What are the multiple factors, which contribute to or undermine community cohesion in areas where there are established Muslim communities and into which Muslim migrants have recently arrived? 5

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◦ “ Our own people living here, this is no different from living in Pakistan” (New Muslim Male Migrant) ◦ “Nice people, nice neighbour, friendly and help if in need. English neighbours are very good too. Schools are very close, mosques are very close also” (New Muslim Male Migrant) ◦ “They are really good, talk to me, hi and bi” (Established Muslim Woman) 11

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 In terms of social capital among Muslims the overall trend appears to be a slide from bonding capital to bridging capital.  “The best people that help me were the CAB. In my community …. you have the advice centre within the Asian community but they are not highly educated but they are not fluent in your first language, which is English” (Established Muslim, Man) 19

 I think quite a lot of Islamophobia, and you know, racism stuff that is happening, especially in the media nowadays. I mean everything seems to be targeted at Muslims.... since 9/11” (Established Muslim Woman) 20

 “Drugs, shootings, car theft, break-ins.... that sort of thing” (Established Muslim, Man)  “I don't think our involvement/destruction of Iraq was justifiable both ethically and both principally” (UK born non- Muslim) 21

 “I think it's a generally a fair society.... you can get on with your living.... on the whole it is a peaceful country” (Established Muslim, Man)  “Freedom, benefits help and advice, NHS very good. Help the poor and all, protect people” (Established Muslim, Woman)  “If you lived in Pakistan right now, what do they give you? You get nothing. Here you get everything” (Established Muslim, Man) 22

“No happy about education.... because of drugs and stuff like that on the streets” (Established Muslim Man)  “Lack of discipline, lack of respect” (Established Muslim Man) 23

Remittances Travel back home Media Property/business Politics 24

 “Yes, I do because my children are born here. They can't live in Pakistan. I say my country is Pakistan, they say our country is Britain because we are born here” (Established Muslim Woman)  “Now I belong to this country. We go to Pakistan for holidays only” (Established Muslim Man)  “No, this is the only country I like more” (Established Muslim Man) 25

 White working class excluded from community cohesion. This is the crucial group that needs to be targeted.  Myth that Muslims are receiving preferential treatment in urban regeneration. 26

 Housing, ◦ “Don't sell your house to a Paki”. ◦ White flight ◦  Education ◦ Specifically Muslims are failing in schools and schools are failing them, ◦ Constructing Mixed schools 27

 Whites 'must do more to help Muslims feel at home' says research group (Daily Mail headline covering the Report) 28

 No parallel lives: the issue is of class  On a range of questions. Established Muslims close to white norm on community belonging, on education, marriage, local and national issue.  Transnationalism is not significant amongst established Muslims.  Hard questions for policy makers about education, housing and the media. 29