WHY WAS THERE INCREASING TENSION IN INDIA AT THE START OF THE 20TH CENTURY? India no longer worked for Britain alone India no longer imported large amounts of British goods Trade was working for India as well as Britian Benefits of growth of industry and economy enjoyed by Indians Separated Hindus riots, petitions, and Muslims and boycotts TATA IRON STEEL WORKS DIVISION OF BENGAL 1907 1905 1906 1909 1885 CONGRESS DEMANDS HOME RULE MORLEY MINTO REFORMS Introduced after unrest due to partition of Bengal Intended to provide Indians with greater representation Indian Councils Act Increased Indians on Imperial Legislative Council which advised the Viceroy Direct Elections for Seats on Provincial Councils Gave Indians more influence at local level 6 Muslims given seats on Imperial Legislative Councils – Muslims gained seats on local gov’t. CONGRESS FORMED A moderate political organisation Did not demand Home Rule CRITICISMS -No real influence given to Indians over their country - Created communalism as it made a division between Muslims and Hindus MUSLIM LEAGUE FORMED -originally moderate -encouraged Muslims to work with British -Established to protect interests of Muslims in Hindu areas

MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REPORT HOW AND WHY DID ATTITUDES TOWARDS BRITISH RULE CHANGE AND HOW DID THEY RESPOND? Protests and complete opposition from Imperial Legislative Council During WWI Britain needed complete control Suspended Civil liberties -Inflation and shortages due to increased expenditure on the war - Extended Defence of India Act into peace time -Fears as to Britain’s ability to control India began to surface -Outbreaks of violence -Suggested Home Rule possibility - Raised hopes British worried about control over India MONTAGU DECLARATION ROWLATTS ACT DEFENCE OF INDIA ACT 1917 1919 1915 1916 1914-1918 1918 THE LUCKNOW PACT WWI -Indian Government declares war on Germany – receives approval from most Indians Indians wanted to fight alongside British as they equals War offered new economic opportunities Increased employment brought about greater prosperity India believed Home Rule was a real possibility MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REPORT -Signed by Muslim League and Congress to work towards Home Rule -A report which proposed reform of the Indian Government -League were to be given fixed seats in Indian Parliament and areas where they were the minority - Increased hopes of Indians in gaining more control over country

HOW AND WHY DID ATTITUDES TOWARDS BRITISH RULE CHANGE AND HOW DID THEY RESPOND? Gave Indians control over Education, Agriculture, Sanitation Power divided between Brits and Indians = Dyarchy Brits had to keep control due to false hope offered by Montague Chelmsford Report Changes were too late Loyalty lost due to Rowlatts Act and Amritsar Massacre Home Rule only option The Act had criticisms as it only gave 2.8 % of Indians the vote Congress did not accept it GOVERNEMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 DEC 1919 APRIL 1920 AMRITSAR MASSACRE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE CAMPAIGN Congress boycotts British goods. Only Indian goods were to be bought. After banning all public meetings, General Dyer allowed 1 to continue to which he sent troops and commanded them to open fire for 6 mins - To work towards Home Rule and show Brits they could not count on Indian co-operation anymore. -1921 Congress is declared illegal 1922 incident at Chauri Chaura Brits have to now consider Indians reaction to its policies -2000 or more killed -500 students and teacher arrested and imprisoned -Damaged British support -Fuelled calls for Home Rule -Tensions increased due to British government deliberate failure to deal with Dyer

HOW DID THE CAMPAIGN FOR INDEPENDENCE DEVELOP AND HOW DID THE BRITISH RESPOND? recommended a federal India All provinces would have its own government Dominion Status was demanded which would mean India would be a self-governing territory. The decision (though not put into place) : All India Federation to be set up. The Indian states would hold responsibility for most government matters. BUT would not be responsible for Defense, Foreign Affairs and Finance untouchables cooperated in hope of benefiting -NO real changes made to central government -Therefore NO REAL CHANGES MADE Mass protests as there were no Indian members on the commission Response to Indian action aimed to reach an agreement over India that was acceptable to all. - Dyarchy was therefore unsuccessful Provincial governments were underfunded, this showed the weak relationship between central and local government - Decisions meaningless as Congress did not attend and many of its members were in jail Simon Commission Was set up to review the Montage Chelmsford Report ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 1 1930 1927 1930 GANDHI’S SECOND CAMPAIGN 1931 Round Table Conference 2 -Protests in which led to the imprisonment of 60,000 Congress members Gandhi imprisoned - 5 million Indians began to make salt and sell it as an act of defiance - more boycotts occurred -Act of Rebellion intended to drive the point India was un-governable and the British should withdraw -Gandhi led a march to the sea -Lord Irwin ordered the release of Gandhi from prison Gandhi recommended the creation of a Constitution without consulting religious minorities - Therefore the proposal was rejected

HOW DID THE CAMPAIGN FOR INDEPENDENCE DEVELOP AND HOW DID THE BRITISH RESPOND? 2ND Government of India Act Passed - No British or Congress members there, thus it was a failure - No British as the Labour Government collapse - The next British Government was more reluctant to make any far-reaching reforms ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 3 1932 1935 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT II The Act went almost as far as it could go without granting complete Home Rule Both Congress and the Muslim League criticised the Act: -Congress rejected the special protection of minorities and the proposed weak central government - Jinnahh called it ‘totally unacceptable because he believed it failed to give Muslims any real power in a new Indian governement -Introduced due to the failure of the Round Table Conferences Set up a new Indian government: A national parliament set up in Delhi - All elected members would be Indian - India would be divided into 11 provinces that would control everything except defence and foreign policy which were still controlled by the Viceroy

HOW DID WORLD WAR II IMPACT ON INDIA AND BRITAIN -Viceroy declared war without consulting the Indian Assembly which he was supposed to according to the Government of India Act II -Should have consulted before making decisions about defence and foreign policy -Chandra Bose declared support for the Axis powers (Germany0 and escaped to Germany. -Germans sent him to Singapore where he recruited prisoners to form the Indian Natiional Army Gandhi’s Quit India Campaign The British offered India full Dominion Status with the right to leave the Empire and Commonwealth at the end of the war -Any province not wishing to stay apart of India could become an independent country -rejected by Congress who demanded a full cabinet government with full power and all decisions taken by India -provinces running independently was against what Congress wanted -Peaceful demonstrations occurred across India which frequently turned violent -to gain Indian support during the war CRIPPS MISSION 1942 WWII 1939 1940 LAHORE DECLARARTION 1943 -Bose formed ‘Provisional Government to Free India’ -League speaks of a separate ‘Pakistan’ - The League feels confident and becomes increasingly powerful -League home to advance Muslim interest so the League supported the British in the War

HOW DID WWII IMPACT ON INDIA AND BRITAIN? Mountabatten was appointed to speed up with drawl date of British from India. He realised that a united India would be impossible due to the division between the League and Congress. However both agreed to a division of India into Pakistan and India APPOINTMENT OF MOUNTABATTEN 1948 Bose died and British decide its time to free India because it’s costing Britain to much 1945 -A new assembly elected in Delhi -Central government would be made up of reps from provincial groups protection for Muslims - Provinces with Hindu or Muslim majority grouped together -these groups of provinces would run daily affairs with control over all matters except the most important ministries which would be controlled by a central government 1945 CABINET MISSION 1948 RADCLIFFE COMMISSION -Set up to decide where border should be set between Pakistan and India -Although proposals didn’t meet Congress’ aims they were prepared to accept -likewise so did the League Proposal: Immediate dominion status, with full independence at earliest opportunity -3 tier government - Central government to have control over foreign policy and defence and national communication networks