Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 21
Slide 2 of 24 Review Chapter 3 Z = Atomic Number Atomic Number is the number of _______. Mass Number Number of _______ + ________ Average Atomic mass Weighted average of mass numbers of isotopes What is an isotope? Why are electrons not included in the mass number?
Slide 3 of 24 Hydrogen Isotopes Protium (99.985%) 1 proton, 0 neutons, 1 electron Deuterium (0.015%) (Heavy Water) __ proton, __ neutron, __ electron Tritium (Rare) (Radioactive) __ proton, __ neutron, __ electron
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Slide 5 of 24 Mass of an atom? Mass of 1 atom is x So use another method Carbon 12 atom weighs 12 Atomic Mass Units Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) Easy to find the mass of an atom: Find mass number or atomic mass + attach AMU as the units Example: Oxygen = 16 amu OR amu
Slide 6 of 24 First some vocab Nucleons – particles in the nucleus Nuclide – another name for an atom Identified by the number of protons + neutrons Nuclear Reaction – reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom Transmutation – change in proton number Change in the identity of a nucleus Oxygen-16 transmutates via alpha emission to Carbon- 12
Slide 7 of 24 Mass Defect When nucleons bind together into a nucleus, they LOSE mass Mass Defect – (sum of the masses of the protons + neutrons + electrons) – (atomic mass) Proton mass = amu Neutron mass = amu Electron mass = amu
Slide 8 of 24 Find Mass Defect Helium-4 atom (p. 681) Helium atom = 2 protons, 2 neutrons, 2 electrons 2 protons = 2( amu) = 2 neutrons = 2( amu) = 2 electrons = 2( amu) = TOTAL: amu Periodic Table: Mass Defect = amu – amu MASS DEFECT = x amu
Slide 9 of 24 Nuclear Binding Energy (NBE) Definition – The energy released when a nucleus is formed from its nucleons Mass defect can be converted to NBE by Einstein’s famous equation: E = mc 2 E = energy m = mass c = speed of light = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s Now we will find nuclear binding energy in the previous problem.
Slide 10 of 24 Finding Nuclear Binding Energy Mass defect for Helium-4 = x amu Step 1: Convert units: amu kg Conversion Factor: 1 amu = x kg Calculation: ( x amu) ( x kg/amu) Mass = x kg E = mc 2 & c = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s E = ( x kg) (3.00 x 10 8 m/s) 2 E = 4.54 x kg * m 2 /s 2
Slide 11 of 24 Nuclear Binding Energy NBE is also the energy that must be input to break apart the nucleus into its constituent nucleons Since energy is released when a nucleus forms, which is more stable the nucleus or the separated nucleons? Nucleus, since energy is inversely proportional to stability Lower energy = MORE stability
Slide 12 of 24 Another Problem Calculate the nuclear binding energy of a Sulfur-32 atom Step 1: Calculate the mass defect 16 protons (16* ) + 16 neutrons (16* ) + 16 electrons (16* ) = = = Sig Figs !!! Mass Defect = – = = amu Sig Figs !!!
Slide 13 of 24 Another Problem (Page 2) Step 2: Calculate the NBE Mass in amu = amu * ( x kg/amu) Mass in kg = x kg E = mc 2 E = ( x kg)(3.00 x 10 8 m/s) 2 E = x kg * m 2 /s 2 = 2.97 x kg * m 2 /s 2
Slide 14 of 24 Half-Life Half-life – time required for ½ of a radioactive material to decay Each radioactive nuclide has its own ½ life Longer ½ life = more stable nuclide After 1 Half-Life = 50% remain 2 Half-Lives = 25% remain 3 Half-Lives = 12.5% remain
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Slide 16 of 24 Potassium-40
Slide 17 of 24 Half-Life = Math Problems Phosphorous-32 has a ½ life of 14.3 days. How many milligrams (mg) remain after 57.2 days, if the sample began with 4.0 mg? 57.2 / 14.3 = 4 Half-Lives 4 Half-Lives = (1/2)(1/2)(1/2)(1/2) of original amount remains 1/16 of the original amount remains 4.0 * (1/16) = 0.25 mg remains
Slide 18 of 24 Half-Life Problems (Page 2) Complete problems from Packet “Practice Problems” which is next to the decay series page. Complete PRACTICE Problems on pp. 689 in textbook
Slide 19 of 24 Pp. 693 Bottom Alpha particles cannot go through paper Beta particles can go through paper but not aluminum Gamma particles can go through both, but not lead or concrete
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Slide 21 of 24 Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission – heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass Mass will be converted to energy, usually a lot of energy Chain reaction – material that begins a reaction is also one of the products so it can begin another reaction Critical Mass – minimum amount of nuclide that is required to sustain a chain reaction Nuclear Power Generators use controlled-fission chain reaction to produce energy Also produces unwanted radioactive nuclides Makes fish (and humans) glow!!
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Slide 23 of 24 Nuclear Weapons Fission weapons were actually used against Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of WW2
Slide 24 of 24 Nuclear Fusion Low mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus Immense energy production Source of energy for the Sun and many stars Thermonuclear or H-bombs Fusion of Deuterium + Tritium 100 times power of atomic bombs ¼ mile diameter & 320 feet deep This blast contaminated more US residents than any other activity Yucca Flats, NV