7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Beams – structural members designed to support loadings perpendicular to their axes Beams – straight long bars with constant cross-sectional areas A simply supported beam is pinned at one end and roller supported at the other A cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at the other

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams For actual design of a beam, apply - Internal shear force V and the bending moment M analysis - Theory of mechanics of materials Appropriate engineering code to determine beam’s required cross-sectional area Variations of V and M obtained by the method of sections Graphical variations of V and M are termed as shear diagram and bending moment diagram

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Internal shear and bending moment functions generally discontinuous, or their slopes will be discontinuous at points where a distributed load changes or where concentrated forces or couple moments are applied Functions must be applied for each segment of the beam located between any two discontinuities of loadings Internal normal force will not be considered

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Load applied to a beam act perpendicular to the beam’s axis and hence produce only an internal shear force and bending moment For design purpose, the beam’s resistance to shear, and particularly to bending, is more important than its ability to resist a normal force

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Sign Convention To define a positive and negative shear force and bending moment acting on the beam Positive directions are denoted by an internal shear force that causes clockwise rotation of the member on which it acts and by an internal moment that causes compression or pushing on the upper part of the member

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Sign Convention A positive moment would tend to bend the member if it were elastic, concave upwards Loadings opposite to the above are considered negative

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Procedure for Analysis Support Reactions Determine all the reactive forces and couple moments acting on the beam’ Resolve them into components acting perpendicular or parallel to the beam’s axis

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Procedure for Analysis Shear and Moment Reactions Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at the beam’s left end and extending to regions of the beams between concentrated force and/or couple moments or where there is no continuity of distributed loadings Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x and draw the FBD of one of the segments

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Procedure for Analysis Shear and Moment Reactions V and M are shown acting in their positive sense The shear V is obtained by summing the forces perpendicular to the beam’s axis The moment M is obtained by summing moments about the sectioned end of the segment

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Procedure for Analysis Shear and Moment Diagrams Plot the shear diagram (V versus x) and the moment diagram (M versus x) If computed values of the functions describing V and M are positive, the values are plotted above the x axis, whereas negative values are plotted below the x axis Convenient to plot the shear and the bending moment diagrams below the FBD of the beam

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Example 7.7 Draw the shear and bending moments diagrams for the shaft. The support at A is a thrust bearing and the support at C is a journal bearing.

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution Support Reactions FBD of the shaft

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution Shear diagram internal shear force is always positive within the shaft AB Just to the right of B, the shear force changes sign and remains at constant value for segment BC Moment diagram Starts at zero, increases linearly to B and therefore decreases to zero

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution Graph of shear and moment diagrams is discontinuous at points of concentrated force ie, A, B, C All loading discontinuous are mathematical, arising from the idealization of a concentrated force and couple moment

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Example 7.8 Draw the shear and bending diagrams for the beam.

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution Support Reactions FBD of the beam View Free Body Diagram

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution Distributed loading acting on this segment has an intensity of 2/3 x at its end and is replaced by a resultant force after the segment is isolated as a FBD For magnitude of the resultant force, ½ (x)(2/3 x) = 1/3 x2

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution Resultant force acts through the centroid of the distributed loading area, 1/3 x from the right

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Solution For point of zero shear, For maximum moment,