THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Toward the modern worldview

Objectives  How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?  Compare the Ptolemaic Universe and Copernican Universe.  How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?  Compare the Ptolemaic Universe and Copernican Universe.

MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum to include the study of mathematics and the sciences  -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge  Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress -rise of universities in the High Middle Ages -broadening of the curriculum to include the study of mathematics and the sciences  -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge  Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress

 the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)  Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation  Galileo was supported by the Medici family  the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)  Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation  Galileo was supported by the Medici family

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

Ptolemy’s Universe

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS  ( )  -Polish astronomer  challenged the astronomer, Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements  proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)  planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres  published in 1543  ( )  -Polish astronomer  challenged the astronomer, Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements  proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)  planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres  published in 1543

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

TYCHO BRAHE  DANISH ASTRONOMER  MADE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARS AND PLANETS  USED THE VIEWS OF ARISTOTLE AND COPERNICUS  PLANETS REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN  SUN AND PLANETS REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH AND MOON  DANISH ASTRONOMER  MADE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARS AND PLANETS  USED THE VIEWS OF ARISTOTLE AND COPERNICUS  PLANETS REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN  SUN AND PLANETS REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH AND MOON

JOHANNAS KEPLER ( )  -German astronomer- worked with Brahe  -formulated the three laws of planetary motion  -orbits of the planets are elliptical not circular  -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not  uniform  -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is  related to its distance from the sun  -Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory  -German astronomer- worked with Brahe  -formulated the three laws of planetary motion  -orbits of the planets are elliptical not circular  -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not  uniform  -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is  related to its distance from the sun  -Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

JOHANNAS KEPLER  Separating _____ and ________ from reality.  Renaissance values and ideas?

Galileo Galilei ( )  - Italian philosopher and astronomer  Medici family was a patron of his work  -viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”  Improved on the telescope (new invention)  this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon  - Italian philosopher and astronomer  Medici family was a patron of his work  -viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”  Improved on the telescope (new invention)  this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon

 Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe  based on his observations of Jupiter and its moons  Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrism  It was not well received by the Church  Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe  based on his observations of Jupiter and its moons  Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrism  It was not well received by the Church

 -Galileo’s views were challenged by the Church  Church feared that helio-centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universe  This theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

 Galileo was brought before the Inquisition  -His works were banned and teachings were condemned  placed on the Index of Forbidden Books  -he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest  -Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642  (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)  Galileo was brought before the Inquisition  -His works were banned and teachings were condemned  placed on the Index of Forbidden Books  -he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest  -Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642  (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM ( OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

THE DIALOGUE

Galileo before the Inquisition

The Newtonian Synthesis

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton ( )  -English mathematician – Cambridge University  -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)  formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation  (every physical body (object) in the universe exerts a force on every other body)  -provided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships  -English mathematician – Cambridge University  -built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)  formulated the mathematics for the universal law of gravitation  (every physical body (object) in the universe exerts a force on every other body)  -provided evidence that the universe was governed by precise mathematical relationships

 -Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking  the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”  -the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world (Einstein’s theories would later challenge some of Newton’s notions of a mechanical universe)  -Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking  the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”  -the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world (Einstein’s theories would later challenge some of Newton’s notions of a mechanical universe)

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

Sir Francis Bacon ( )  - English politician and writer  (not a trained scientist)  Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)  We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts  (inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)  Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth  - English politician and writer  (not a trained scientist)  Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)  We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts  (inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)  Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth

EMPIRICAL MODEL  ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALID  Science  Data  “proof”  TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION  ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALID  Science  Data  “proof”  TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

INDUCTIVE MODEL

RENE’ DESCARTES “I think, therefore, I am.”

Rene’ Descartes  French mathematician  Invented analytical geometry  Developed a scientific method based on rational deduction rather than empirical induction  Stressed rational speculation and reflection  Descartes believed that he could rationally prove the existence of God  Begins by “doubting” everything  Does not begin with faith  French mathematician  Invented analytical geometry  Developed a scientific method based on rational deduction rather than empirical induction  Stressed rational speculation and reflection  Descartes believed that he could rationally prove the existence of God  Begins by “doubting” everything  Does not begin with faith

DEDUCTIVE MODEL

DESCARTES’ IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN WORLD WOULD COME TO LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH (CREATED A KIND OF DUALISM)  OBJECTIVE  PHYSICAL (MATTER)  SCIENTIFIC  MATHEMATICAL  RATIONAL  EMPIRICAL  OBJECTIVE  PHYSICAL (MATTER)  SCIENTIFIC  MATHEMATICAL  RATIONAL  EMPIRICAL  SUBJECTIVE  MIND  INTUITION  NOT OPEN TO EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION

BLAISE PASCAL  FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER  FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY  DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS  CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.  DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER  FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER  FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY  DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS  CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.  DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER

PENSEES  COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH  COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH  MOST WELL KNOWN LITERARY WORK  COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH  COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH  MOST WELL KNOWN LITERARY WORK

PASCAL’S WAGER  PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD  BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A “LEAP OF FAITH” TOWARD GOD  WE HAVE TO “WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION IS TRUE AND REAL  IF ONE WINS THE WAGER –WE GAIN EVERYTHING  LOSE THE WAGER- WE LOSE NOTHING  PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD  BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A “LEAP OF FAITH” TOWARD GOD  WE HAVE TO “WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION IS TRUE AND REAL  IF ONE WINS THE WAGER –WE GAIN EVERYTHING  LOSE THE WAGER- WE LOSE NOTHING

PASCAL  PASCAL BELIEVED THAT LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY  CHALLENGED DESCARTES’ CONFIDENCE IN REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD) STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC  PASCAL BELIEVED THAT LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY  CHALLENGED DESCARTES’ CONFIDENCE IN REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD) STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC

PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO 18 TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL REVOLUTION