© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Working With Financial Statements Chapter Three

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.1 Chapter Outline Understanding Cash Flow and Financial Statements: A Closer Look Standardized Financial Statements Ratio Analysis – Computation and Interpretation The Du Pont Identity Using Financial Statement Information

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.2 Sample Balance Sheet Cash & Equivalents 3,1716,489A/P313,286340,220 A/R1,095,1181,048,991N/P227,84886,631 Inventory388,947295,255Other CL1,239,6511,098,602 Other CA314,454232,304Total CL1,780,7851,525,453 Total CA1,801,6901,583,039LT Debt1,389,615871,851 Net FA3,129,7542,535,072C/S1,761,0441,648,490 Total Assets4,931,4444,118,111Total Liab. & Equity 4,931,4444,118,111 Numbers in thousands

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.3 Sample Income Statement Revenues4,335,491 Cost of Goods Sold1,762,721 Expenses1,390,262 Depreciation362,325 EBIT820,183 Interest Expense52,841 Taxable Income767,342 Taxes 295,426 Net Income471,916 EPS2.41 Dividends per share0.93 Numbers in thousands, except EPS & DPS

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.4 Sources and Uses SourcesSources –Cash inflow occurs when we “sell” something –Decrease in asset account –Increase in liability or equity account UsesUses –Cash outflow occurs when we “buy” something –Increase in asset account –Decrease in liability or equity account

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.5 Statement of Cash Flows Statement that summarizes the sources and uses of cash Changes can be divided into three major categories:  Operating Activity includes net income and changes in most current accounts  Investment Activity includes changes in fixed assets  Financing Activity includes changes in notes payable, long-term debt and equity accounts as well as dividends

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.6 Sample Statement of Cash Flows Cash, beginning of year6,489Financing Activity Operating Activity Increase in Notes Payable141,217 Net Income471,916 Increase in LT Debt517,764 Plus: Depreciation362,325 Decrease in C/S-36,159 Increase in Other CL141,049 Dividends Paid-395,521 Less: Increase in A/R-46,127 Net Cash from Financing227,301 Increase in Inventory-93,692Net Decrease in Cash-3,319 Increase in Other CA-82,150Cash End of Year3,170* Decrease in A/P-26,934 Net Cash from Operations726,387 Investment Activity Fixed Asset Acquisition-957,007 Net Cash from Investments-957,007*Difference due to rounding of dividends Numbers in thousands

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.7 Standardized Financial Statements Common-Size Balance Sheets –Compute all accounts as a percent of total assets. Common-Size Income Statements –Compute all line items as a percent of sales. Standardized statements make it easier to compare financial information, particularly as the company grows. They are also useful for comparing companies of different sizes, particularly within the same industry.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.8 Financial Ratios Ratios also allow for comparisons over time or between companies on a consistent basis.  Short-term solvency or liquidity ratios  Long-term solvency or financial leverage ratios  Asset management or turnover ratios  Profitability ratios  Market value ratios

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3.9 Computing Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio = CA / CL 1,801,690 / 1,780,785 = 1.01 Quick Ratio = (CA – Inventory) / CL = (1,801,690 – 314,454) / 1,780,785 =.835 Cash Ratio = Cash / CL 3,171 / 1,780,785 =.002

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computing Long-term Solvency Ratios Total Debt Ratio = (TA – TE) / TA = (4,931,444 – 1,761,044) / 4,931,444 =.6429 or 64.29% The firm finances a little over 64% of its assets with debt. Debt/Equity Ratio = TD / TE = (4,931,444 – 1,761,044) / 1, 761,044 = 1.80 times Equity Multiplier = TA / TE = 1 + TD/TE = = 2.80 [Multiply both sides of this equation by TE to get TA = TE + TD].

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computing Coverage Ratios Times Interest Earned = EBIT / Interest = 820,183 / 52,841 = 15.5 times Cash Coverage = (EBIT + Depreciation) /Interest = (820, ,325) / 52,841 = times

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computing Inventory and Receivables Ratios Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory = 1,762,721 / 388,947 = 4.53 times Days’ Sales in Inventory = 365 / Inventory Turnover = 365 / 4.53 = 81 days Receivables Turnover = Sales / Accounts Receivable = 4,335,491 / 1,095,118 = 3.96 times Days’ Sales in Receivables = 365 / Receivables Turnover = 365 / 3.96 = 92 days

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computing Total Asset Turnover Total Asset Turnover = Sales / Total Assets = 4,335,491 / 4,931,444 =.88 times Measure of asset use efficiency Not unusual for TAT < 1, especially if a firm has a large amount of fixed assets

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computing Profitability Measures Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales = 471,916 / 4,335,491 =.1088 times or 10.88% Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets = 471,916 / 4,931,444 = times or 9.57% Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity = 471,916 / 1,761,044 =.2680 times or 26.8%

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computing Market Value Measures Market Price = $60.98 per share Shares outstanding = 205,838,910 PE Ratio = Price per share / Earnings per share = / 2.41 = 25.3 times Market-to-book ratio = market value per share / book value per share = / (1,761,044,000 / 205,838,910) = 7.1 times

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Deriving the Du Pont Identity ROE = NI / TE Multiply by 1 and then rearrange –ROE = (NI / TE) (TA / TA) –ROE = (NI / TA) (TA / TE) = ROA * EM Multiply by 1 again and then rearrange –ROE = (NI / TA) (TA / TE) (Sales / Sales) –ROE = (NI / Sales) (Sales / TA) (TA / TE) –ROE = PM * TAT * EM

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Using the Du Pont Identity ROE = PM * TAT * EM –Profit margin is a measure of the firm’s operating efficiency – how well it controls costs. –Total asset turnover is a measure of the firm’s asset use efficiency – how well it manages its assets. –Equity multiplier is a measure of the firm’s financial leverage.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Why Evaluate Financial Statements? Internal uses –Performance evaluation – compensation and comparison between divisions –Planning for the future – guide in estimating future cash flows External uses –Creditors & Lenders –Suppliers –Customers –Stockholders

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Benchmarking Ratios are not usually helpful by themselves; they need to be compared to something Trend Analysis –Used to see how the firm’s performance is changing through time –Internal and external uses Peer group analysis –Compare to similar companies or within industries Checkpoint for validating reasonableness of forecasts.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Potential Problems Determining relevance is not always easy. Benchmarking is difficult for diversified firms. Globalization and international competition makes comparison more difficult because of differences in accounting regulations. Varying accounting procedures, i.e. FIFO vs. LIFO Different fiscal years. Extraordinary events.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Work the Web Example The Internet makes ratio analysis much easier than it has been in the past Click on the web surfer to go to Multex Investor –Choose a company and enter its ticker symbol –Click on comparison and see what information is available