Organization of Knowledge (LIS 703) Taverekere (Kanti) Srikantaiah Director and Professor Center For Knowledge Management Dominican University River Forest, IL 60305 Email: srikant@dom.edu Revised 1/22/08

Information Management is: Identifying information needs Locating information sources Selecting information sources Organizing information Disseminating information T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

S.R. Ranganathan’s Five Laws Books are for use Every reader his book Every book its reader Save the time of the reader A library is a growing organization (From Jesse H. Shera. Libraries and the Organization of Information. Hamdon, CT: Archon Books, 1965) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Information Context Users Sources/Tools Contents T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Information Context Information systems have collections and policies. Their effectiveness is based on: Reliability Efficiency Security Quality Etc. Response time Accuracy Through put Relevancy Economy T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Information Categories of Information Are they external or internal? What do contents reflect? What are the available formats? Are there any specific terms and conditions to access? How are the systems regarding speed, accuracy, consistency, and accountability? What about costs? T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Standards Internal and External Standards Are there any standards? Are those standards internal, external, or both? Do they comply with the stated standards? Who (or unit) has the responsibility in implementation, monitoring and evaluation of standards? T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Defining Information Needs Users of Information Do they belong to different groups? Who are they? What are their information needs? How would information help? T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographical Record Serves users and also information providers Data elements relevant to a document Controlled vocabulary House-keeping aspects T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Level of Description (1.0D) “Base the choice of a level of description on the purpose of the catalogue or catalogues for which the entry is constructed” First Level of Description (1.0D1) Second Level of Description (1.0D2) Third Level of Description (1.0D3) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: Manheimer T. Kanti Srikantaiah

T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: Manheimer T. Kanti Srikantaiah

T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: Manheimer T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Chief Source of Information (CSOI) Type of Material Atlases Other Cartographic Items Manuscript Published Music CSOI Title Page Item; Container/Case Manuscript/Other Sources List Title Page, Cover, Caption, Colophon, Other Sources T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Chief Source of Information (CSOI) Type of Material Sound Recordings Disc Tape (Reel to Reel) Tape Cassette Tape Cartridge Roll Sound Recording on Film CSOI Disc and Label Reel and Label Cassette and Label Cartridge and Label Label Container and Label T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Chief Source of Information (CSOI) Type of Material Motion Pictures and Video recordings Graphic Materials Computer Files Three-Dimensional CSOI Film, Cartridge, Container and Label, Other Sources Items, Labels, Containers Title Screen, Other Internal Sources (Menus/Programs) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Development of Catalog Codes Ad-hoc rules all over Anthony Panizzi -BM (91 rules) 1841 Charles Cutter (Rules for Dictionary Catalog) 1876 Prussian Instructions (Basis for German Union Catalog) 1898 Anglo-American Code (AA Code) 1908 1949 rules for descriptive cataloging in LC ALA Code 1949 Lubetzky’s Revisions 1949-1967 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record 1961 Paris principles 1966 international meeting of cataloging experts of IFLA and initiation of ISBD 1977 ISBD’s general eight specific areas: each area divided into a number of elements later fully expanded to cover M, A, MRF, NBM, PM, and S T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Development of Catalog Codes AACR1 1967 AACR2 1978 AACR2R 1988 with Amendments 2002+ The Future ???? T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

AACR2R General Rules for Description Chapter 1 Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets Chapter 2 Cartographic Materials Chapter 3 Manuscripts Chapter 4 Published Music Chapter 5 Sound Recordings Chapter 6 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

AACR2R Motion Pictures and Video recordings Chapter 7 Graphic Materials Chapter 8 Electronic Resources Chapter 9 Three-Dimensional Artifacts and Realia Chapter 10 Microforms Chapter 11 Continuing Resources Chapter 12 Analysis Chapter 13 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Rules for Descriptive Cataloging Appendix A: Capitalization (563-599) Appendix B: Abbreviations (600-610) Appendix C: Numerals (611-614) Appendix D: Glossary (615-624) Appendix E: Initial Articles T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Rules for Descriptive Cataloging (Print Materials) REFER: Anglo American Cataloguing Rules. 2nd ed., revised 1988, 2002. Chapter 1: General Rules for Description Chapter 2: Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

The Catalog Parts of the catalogs Public catalog Shelf list Authority file T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: Manheimer T. Kanti Srikantaiah

T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: Manheimer T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record Call number Main entry Title proper : other title information Statement of responsibility; subsequent statements of responsibility. Edition statement/statement of responsibility relating to the edition T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record Imprint Place: publisher, date (Place: printer) Physical description, Number of pages, Number of plates: illustration statement; size + accompanying material. Series; number Notes Standard Number (ISBN) Subject heading Added entry T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Authority Control Interchangeable with vocabulary control Consistency in description of any element Enhances information retrieval Shows relationships Persons Titles Subjects T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Authority Control Maintain consistency Enhance information retrieval Show relationships: persons, titles, and subjects T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) 1960's - publisher, printers, editors started experimenting with computers to produce books 1964 - The recording of library of congress bibliographical data in machine readable form 1965 - LC/CLR/ARL sponsored a conference to determine requirements for a machine readable record T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) 1966(Nov) to 1968(Jun) - LC distributed 50,000 records for English language monographs on magnetic tape to 16 participating libraries 1968 - The MARC pilot project. Final report on a project sponsored by the Council on Library Resources, Inc (includes description of work and reports of the participating libraries) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) 1969 - Implementation of MARC distribution service to participating libraries and institutions T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC Each USMARC has three elements: Record Structure Content Designation Data Content of the Record T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC: Record Structure Implementation of ANSI Z39.2 Bibliographic Information Interchange on magnetic tape (adopted in 1971) ISO 2709 (1981 & Revisions) Documentation format for Bibliographic Information Interchange on magnetic tape (1973) (international equivalent of ANSI) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) MARC I became MARC II MARC was later called LCMARC LCMARC eventually became USMARC MARC 21 (current) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

LC Responsibilities (MARC and standardization are complimentary activities) Make necessary changes to established formats Design new formats collaborating with the library community Compile and distribute MARC documentation Maintain liaison with the ALA (MARBI) Represent the U.S. library community in international MARC activities T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC Display (sample tags) 008 Coded control information 010 LC Control Number 020 ISBN 040 Cataloging Source 043 Geographic Area Code 050 LC Call Number 082 Dewey Call Number 090 Local Call Numbers 100 Main Entry--Personal Name T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC Display (sample tags) 110 Main Entry--Corporate Name 111 Main Entry--Meeting Name 130 Main Entry--Uniform Title 245 Title Statement 250 Edition Statement 260 Imprint 300 Physical Description 400 Series Statement/Added Entry--Personal Name 410 Series Statement/Added Entry--Corporate Name T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC Display (sample tags) 440 Series Statement/Added Entry--Title 500 General Note 504 Bibliography Note 505 Contents Note 600 Subject Added Entry--Personal Name 610 Subject Added Entry--Corporate Name 611 Subject Added Entry--Meeting Name 650 Subject Added Entry--Topical Term 651 Subject Added Entry--Geographic Name T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

MARC Display (sample tags) 700 Added Entry--Personal Name 710 Added Entry--Corporate Name 730 Added Entry--Uniform Title 740 Added Entry--Variant Title 800 Series Added Entry--Personal Name 810 Series Added Entry--Corporate Name 811 Series Added Entry--Meeting Name T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

The Catalog Identification of information in a traditional bibliographic record Call numbers Main entry Bibliographic description (areas and elements) Tracing LC control number/others T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

The Catalog What is a catalog? Functions of the catalog Objectives of the catalog Bibliographic record formats and elements (identification and terminology) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

The Catalog Access points: headings and entries Main entry: personal name, corporate name, title Added entries: personal name, corporate name, title, series, subject Non-traditional access points: classification, standard numbers, other elements The unit record and the complete card set T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

The Catalog Identification of information in a MARC bibliographic record All of above+ Fixed-length data fields (fixed fields) Variable-length data fields (variable fields) and subfields Record directory and data field tags Data field indicators T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Card Cataloging Rules Adequate for Electronic Processing? Rules should serve both manual and on-line AAACR2 rules applicable to computer processing? Bibliographical syntax and complexity T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Computerized Record Formats Fixed length field # of characters fixed No computer instruction on ending of field Economical on data storage Easy to code T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Computerized Record Formats Variable length field Length varies within fields and subfields Computerized records operated by separators (delimiters) Content designators Fields and subfields Repeatable fields and subfields Indicators Directory Label (leader) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

OCLC, MARC, SGML and HTML Traditional mark up deal with physical format Electronic systems have built in procedure for formatting When system software (sometimes hardware) changes data conversion is necessary (time-consuming and costly) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

OCLC, MARC, SGML and HTML In descriptive (text) mark up contents of a document is structured not the physical format Document contents (chapter, paragraph, footnote, bibliography) are categorized using codes for effective retrieval to meet different needs T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

SGML Standard Generalized Mark Up Language (SGML) is referred to as Metalanguage Developed in 1970 as GML (General Mark Up Language) meets national and international standards (ISO 8879) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

SGML Permits description of structured information through syntax (classes of documents) called DTDs (Document Type Definitions) written with specific applications 3 projects: TEI (The Text Encoding Initiative); BFAP (Berkeley Finding Aid Project); and DIAP (Columbia University Digital Image Access Project) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

HTML Hypertext Mark Up Language Since 1990: WWW Browsers -- Netscape, Mosaic, and Internet Explorer. Etc. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

International Exchange of Data UNIMARC initiation developed through IFLA (to resolve problems in exchanging data UNIMARC has two conversion programs(1977) To convert from national format to UNIMARC To convert from UNIMARC to national format IFLA’s UBCIM (Universal Bibliographic Control & International MARC Core Program) is responsible for all MARC related program T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

International Exchange of Data UBCIM continues to work on standards on books and non-books (ISBD etc.) UNIMARC manual is available in many language UNIMARC also assist in managing and using name authority files T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Non-MARC/ISO 2709 Formats Issue of history and economics UNISIST reference manual CCF (Common Communication Format) Acceptance of bibliographic entitles (global) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographical Record/ISBN ISBN (International Standard Book Number) Unique identification system for each monograph by a specific publisher 1967 Introduced in UK by Whitaker & Sons 1968 Introduced to USA by R.R. Bowker International organization for standardization (ISO TC 46) has responsibility for standardization T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.) Assigned to printed books, pamphlets Electronic publications Educational/instructional films Videos and transparencies Educational/instructional software Audio books on cassettes or CD or DVD Braille publications Microform publications T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.) ISBN is used by publishers, distributors, wholesalers, bookstores and libraries, in 217 countries as ordering systems. To date, the U.S. ISBN Agency has more than 180,000 publishers. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographical Record/ISBN (cont.) Formerly 10 digits is currently replaced by 13 digits to identify: National, geographic, language or other convenient group Publisher or producer Publishers with existing ISBN-10s will need to convert their ISBNs to ISBN-13s by the addition of a prefix 978 and recalculation of the new check digit. Title identifier Check digit Validates the ISBN-13 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.) In the United States, a five-digit add-on-code is used for additional information. In the publishing industry, the code is used for price information. The lead digit of the five-digit add-on-code is a currency identifier: 5 for the U.S. dollar, 6 for the Canadian dollar, 1 for the British pound, 3 for the Australian dollar, 4 for the New Zealand dollar, etc. If publishers do not want to indicate the price add-on should be the code 90000. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISBN (cont.) Administered at three levels: ISBN Agency in UK National agencies Publishing houses ISBN Agency website: http://www.isbn.org T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISSN Serials are known and cited by title. ISSN is limited to the key title. Only one ISSN for each title and a particular medium (separate ISSNs are assigned to each medium version). If title changes, new ISSN is required. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISSN (cont.) In the U.S., the National Serials Data Program at the Library of Congress has the responsibility to assign and maintain ISSNs for all U.S. serial titles. Application form is required. Assignment of ISSN is free (no charge). ISSN instructions: http://lcweb.loc.gov/issn. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISSN (cont.) ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) Product of 1970s ISO 3297/ANSI/ NISO Z 39.9 Number appear as two groups of four digits separated by a hyphen EX: 1234-5678 Not assigned by publishers T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Bibliographic Record/ISSN (cont.) Administered by ISSN Network (International Organization) with the UNESCO/UNISIST Program ISSN International Centre located in Paris (Network consists of national and regional centers) Centers have the responsibility to register serials in their countries T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Source: LC T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element Title and 1.1 Title proper statement of [] 1.2 General material designation responsibility = 1.3 Parallel title area : 1.4 Other title information 1.5 Statements of responsibility / First statement ; Subsequent statement T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element 2. Edition 2.1 Edition statement area = 2.2 Parallel edition statement 2.3 Statements of responsibility relating to the edition / First statement ; Subsequent statement , 2.4 Additional edition statement 2.5 Statements of responsibility following an additional edition statement T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element 3. Material (or type) of publication) specific area T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element 4. Publication, 4.1 Place of publication, distribution, etc. distribution, First place etc., area ; Subsequent place : 4.2 Name of publisher, distributor, etc. [] 4.3 Statement of function of publisher, distributor, etc. , 4.4 Date of publication, distribution, etc. ( 4.5 Place of manufacturer : 4.6 Name of manufacturer ,) 4.7 Date of manufacture T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element 5. Physical 5.1 Specific material designation and description area extent of item : 5.2 Other physical details ; 5.3 Dimensions of item + 5.4 Accompanying material statement 6. Series area 6.1 Title proper of series Note: A series = 6.2 Parallel title of series statement is : 6.3 Other title information of series enclosed by parentheses. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element 6. Series area 6.4 Statements of responsibility relating to the series Note: When there / First statement are two or more ; Subsequent statement series statements, , 6.5 International Standard Serial each is enclosed Number of series by parentheses. ; 6.6 Numbering within series . 6.7 Enumeration and/or title of sub series = 6.8 Parallel title of sub series : 6.9 Other title information of sub series T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element 6. Series area 6.10 Statements of responsibility relating to the sub series / First statement ; Subsequent statement 6.11 International Standard Serial Number of sub series 6.12 Numbering within sub series T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

ISBD Area Punctuation Element 7. Note area 8. Standard 8.1 Standard number (or alternative) number (or = 8.2 Key title alternative) and : 8.3 Terms of availability and/or price terms of () 8.4 Qualification (in varying positions) availability area T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Main Entry Authorship (based on Paris Principle) Corporate Authorship The person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work Corporate Authorship Administrative (21.1B2) Legal/Governmental Laws etc. (21.32-21.39) Conference etc. (21.1B1) Sound Recordings, Films etc. (21.23) Official Communications--Govt. Etc. (21.4D1) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Main Entry Personal Authorship Classical Works (Homer, Plato, etc.) Anonymous Classics Others Single Personal Authorship (21.4A) Shared Responsibility (21.6B) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Main Entry Others Mixed Responsibility Adapter (21.10) Artist/Illus (21.11A) Revised, Enlarged, Updated, etc. (21.12A) Commentator (21.13B) Text/Comm. By a Different Person (21.13C) Translator (21.14A) Biographer/Critic (21.15A) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Classification Organize collections/knowledge according to some system Provide a systematic arrangement -- a formal and orderly access to collections Bring related items together -- leading users to identify and locate T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Criteria Inclusive as well as comprehensive Systematic Flexible and expandable Clear terminology for users and classifiers T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

(Notation can be pure or mixed) Systems Enumerative (based on collections) Hierarchical (deductive/philosophical) Synthetic (generalized rules/facet approach (Notation can be pure or mixed) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Some Examples Dewey’s Decimal Classification (Melvil Dewey 1851-1931; Amherst College) Cutter’s Expansive Classification (Charles Ammi Cutter 1837-1903; Boston Athenaeum) Brown’s Subject Classification (James Duff Brown 1864-1914) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Some Examples (cont.) Bliss’s Bibliographic Classification (Henry Evelyn Bliss 1870-1955) Ranganathan’s Colon Classification (S. R. Ranganathan 1892-1972) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Some Others Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) FID Managed National Library of Medical Classification NLM Managed A Classification Scheme for Law Books Adaptation of K of LCC T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Some Others A Classification Scheme for Physics Electrotechnology, computers and control Inspec Managed The London Classification of Business Studies A Classification of Library and Information Science CRG Group T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Four Major Classification Schemes Library of Congress Classification (LCC) The scheme of classification drawn up by Herbert Putnam in 1897. Although based in some respects on the Dewey Decimal Classification and Cutter’s expansive schemes, it does not conform to theoretical rules for classification. It was quite explicitly compiled to meet the needs of the library’s huge collection of books and is too detailed and complex to use in small libraries. It has however, been adopted by research and university libraries throughout the world. Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Four Major Classification Schemes Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Devised by Melvil Dewey and first published in 1876, since when it has been revised nineteen times. Knowledge is divided into the ten main classes, each designated by a numeral form zero to nine, which can be then subdivided by the addition of two numerals before a decimal point and further numerals after it. It has a relative index which shows the relation of each subject that is indexed to a larger subject (or class division). The published schedules have been extended and modified in successive editions. Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Four Major Classification Schemes Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) Essentially an elaborate expansion of the Decimal Classification of Melvil Dewey, using various symbols in addition to Arabic numerals to create long and expressive notations for particular documents. This makes it particularly appropriate for use in specialist libraries and collections, and its adoption by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has ensured its worldwide use. It was developed by the Insitut Internationale de Bibliographie, now FID, under the direction of Paul Otet and Henri la Fontaine. Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Four Major Classification Schemes Colon Classification (CC) Designed by S.R. Ranganathan, it is based on the classficiation of any subject by its uses and relations, which are indicated by numbers divided by a colon ’:’. It was the first example of an analytical-synthetic classification, in which the subject field is first analyzed into facets, and class numbers are provided for most topics but are constructed combining the classes of the various unit schedules of which the scheme consists. It has proved particularly popular in India and has inspired classification researchers in many parts of the world. Source: John Feather and Paul Sturges (ed.) (1997). International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Dewey Summaries First Summary The Ten Main Classes 000 Generalities 100 Philosophy & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Natural sciences & mathematics T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Dewey Summaries 600 Technology (Applied sciences) 700 The arts - Fine and decorative arts 800 Literature & rhetoric 900 Geography & history T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

T. Kanti. Srikantaiah T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Subject Cataloging Purpose: Provide access by subject to all material Bring together material of same subject Show relationships among subjects Identify specific document(s) through subject(s) Retrieve specific document(s) using subject approach Search for information on a given subject T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subject Access Classifying Knowledge- on the teachings of Callimachus, Plato, Aristotle, and Bacon ALA List of Subject Headings in 1885 Cutter’s Rules for Dictionary Catalog revised in 1905 In 1914, Library of Congress first edition of Subject Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogues of the Library of Congress In 1975, title changes to Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) In 1988, LC included online version In 1923, Sears List of Subject Headings (Sears) was introduced to small libraries T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subject Access to Information Design and Development of Subject Headings Main Headings and Subdivisions Cross References Special Types T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subject Access to Information Two Main Viewpoints: Natural Language VS. Controlled Vocabulary Controlled Vocabulary Systems Evolution Alphabetic VS. Classified Arrangement Current Scenario Library of Congress Subject Headings Sears List of Subject Headings Medical Subject Headings Others T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Comparison of Natural and Controlled Language Natural Language Strengths High specificity gives precision. Excels in retrieving individual terms- names of persons, organizations, etc. Exhaustively gives potential for high recall. Does not apply to title-only databases. Up-to-date. New terms immediately available. Words of author used- no misinterpretation by indexer. Natural language words used by searcher. Low input costs. Easier exchange of material between databases- language incompatibility removed. Controlled Language Weaknesses Lack of system specificity, even in detailed systems. Lack of exhaustively. Cost of indexing to level of natural language prohibitive. Also terms may be omitted in error by indexers. Not immediately up-to-date. Time lag while terms are added to the thesaurus. Words of authors liable to be misconstrued. Errors in indexing terms can cause losses. Artificial language has to be learned by the searcher. High input costs. Incompatibility a barrier to easy exchange. Both natural and controlled language systems offer the same powerful search aids- truncation, word proximity, etc. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Comparison of Natural and Controlled Language (cont.) Natural Language Weaknesses Intellectual effort placed on searcher. Problems arise with terms having many synonyms and several species. Syntax problems. Danger of false drops through incorrect term association. Exhaustively may lead to loss of precision. Controlled Language Strengths Eases the burden of searching: Controls synonyms and near-synonyms and leads to specific natural language concepts to the nearest preferred terms to broaden search Qualifies homographs Provides scope notes Displays broader, narrower and related terms Expresses concepts elusive in free text. Overcomes syntax problems with compound terms and other devices. At normal levels of indexing, avoids precision loss through over-exhaustively (i.e. retrieval of minor concepts of peripheral interest). An asset in numerical databases and multilingual systems. Both natural and controlled language systems offer the same powerful search aids- truncation, word proximity, etc. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Controlled Vocabularies Subject Approach Point out what a library/information source or database has on a particular subject Point out what a library/information source or database has on a related subjects Two popular pre-coordinated subject heading lists in the US: The Library of Congress Sears List of Subject Headings T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Controlled Vocabularies Other lists are in specific fields Ex: MESH (Medical Subject Heading List) Approach Topical or Form Headings Single Noun: Cats, Economics, Poetry Phrases: Adjectuval--Agricultural credit, English literature, Library science, teenage automobile drivers; Prepositional--Children in motion pictures, Federal aid to youth services, Costume in art; Conjunctive--Emigration and immigration, Open and closed shelves, Children’s encyclopedias and dictionaries, bolts and nuts; Inverted--Chemistry, Organic, Maps, Statistical, Knowledge, Sociology of; Free Floating--Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-, In fiction, drama, poetry, etc. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Library of Congress Subject Headings 263,000 authority records 19,200 personal 4,500 corporate 12 meeting or conference 480 uniform title 197,000 topical 42,000 geographical Source: Library of Congress Subject Headings, 30th Edition, 2007 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

LCSH Headings One word Two words More than two words Class numbers (36% of headings followed by #S) Scope notes T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions Topical Subdivision Form Subdivision Chronological Subdivision Geographical Subdivision Free-Floating Subdivision Pattern Headings T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions (contd) Order of Subdivision Main Heading--Topical Subdivision--Geographic Subdivision--Chronological Subdivision--Form Division France--Intellectual Life--20th Century--Historiography Teachers--Training of--United States--Bibliography Farm Buildings--Specifications--Maryland--Montgomery County Visual Aids--Collectors and Collecting--Standards--Japan T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions (contd) Form Subdivisions: Engineering-examinations, questions, etc. Gardens--Pictorial Works Poetry Engineering--Dictionaries Topical Subdivisions: Wages--Minimum Wage Engineering--Research Agriculture--Accounting T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions (contd) Period (Chronology) France--History--Louis XIV, 163-1715 United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Greece--History--1453-1821 English Language--Grammar--1950- Sculpture, Ancient Great Britain--History--Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions (contd) Geographic Sports--England Education, Elementary--United States Music--Africa Education--Demographic Aspects--Japan Art--Great Britain Charities--Italy--Florence Wool Industry--Government Policy--Italy--Naples Cities and Towns--India--Bangalore Agriculture--Florida Music--Scotland T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions (contd) Free Floating: General --Abstracts --Cost Effectiveness --Library Resources --Periodicals--Indexes --Software --Study and Teaching T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions (contd) Free Floating (contd): Specific Type Actors--Political Activity Asian Americans--Race Identity Illinois--Governors--Election T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Subdivisions (contd) Free Floating (contd): Control by Pattern Headings Colonies Great Britain--Colonies Chemical Copper Insulin Indians Indians of North America Military Services United States--Armed Forces Musical Compositions Operas Sacred Works Bible Wars World War, 1939-1945 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

LCSH Headings References Equivalence relationships Hierarchical relationships Associate relationships General references T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Cross References Equivalence Relationship Hierarchical Relationship English Hymns use Hymns, English Unconventional Warfare use Guerilla Warfare Illiteracy use Literacy Hymns, English UF English Hymns Literacy UF Illiteracy Hierarchical Relationship Poetry BT Literature NT Children’s Poetry Classical Poetry T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Cross References Associative Relationship Aliens RT Citizenship Immigrants Naturalization Physicians RT Medicine Similarly, Medicine RT Physicians T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Cross References General references Atlases SA Subdivision maps under names of countries, cities etc., and under topics Cranberries --Diseases and Pets SA Names of pests, e.g. Cranberry Root-worm Court of Last Resort SA Names of individual supreme courts T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Outline of Subconcepts of Subject Analysis Identify concepts and determine what is the purpose of the information package (e.g., who the intended users are) in the following: Title and subtitle. Table of contents or equivalent. Preface and/or introduction (etc.). Illustrations and their captions. Identify names used as subject concepts. Identify role(s) of any geographic name(s) present. Identify chronological elements. Identify form of the item being analyzed. Construct a sentence giving analysis of what this information package is about. Identify index terms from the sentence to be searched in the controlled vocabulary. Translate the terms into specific headings from the controlled vocabulary list. Construct the hierarchy (discipline/subdiscipline/concept/topic, etc.) into which the “aboutness” falls. Convert the hierarchy into a classification notation. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: Taylor

Mechanization of Bibliography Automation first entered in 1870’s with the introduction of typewriters (Lot of discussion) In 1890’s, the documentation Movement in Europe Development of Professional Organizations and Scientific Research UDC was discussed in 1892 conference in Brussels (organized by Otlet and LaFontaine) In 1937, the American Documentation Institute was formed. In 1968 changed its name to ASIS. In 2000 became ASIS & T T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Mechanization of Bibliography In 1938, FID was established In 1928, Eastman Kodak’s technological advance in microfilm World War II- Information Explosion In 1945, Vannevar Bush opened a new era (associative index) In the 1950 and 1960’s many mechanization attempts: Creation of MARC format at LC OCLC (online college library center) RLIN (research libraries network) in 1977 T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

How does system design relate to the organization or information? System design holds together the metadata that serve as surrogates for the information package within a domain. Before computerization, the people who created surrogate records were the same people who organized them, so system design was not a separate process. Panizzi’s rules proposed the contents of surrogate records and also the standards for cataloging them. Cutter’s rules included an emphasis on collocation (logical juxtaposition of records) and a design for the card catalog and filing. Each edition of ALA filing rules has assumed that the system design is based on a card catalog. T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

System designs differ, so users must learn each system by asking: How does the system accept queries? Commands? Forms? Menus? Command structure? Can one search by Author? Title? Subject? Form/genre? Keywords? Combinations? Exact word-for-word matches? Are Boolean searches allowed? Order of operations? Default AND or OR? How are search results displayed? In what order? Are “guides” presented before actual listings of records? How do they divide up (organize) responses? How do you sift through a multiscreen response? What kinds of information are included in records in the database? Is coded data translated in a meaningful way? Is a record displayed in full or briefly, and what is included at each level of detail? T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

System designs differ, so users must learn each system by asking: Do records contain subject data in the form of controlled vocabulary? Does the system support controlled vocabulary by displaying relationships between subjects? (Broader, narrower, and related terms) How are author searches interpreted by the system- exact match, near match, keyword? Which keys on keywords have special functions in the system? (Ctrl, Alt) How are hyphens, punctuation, symbols treated? Normalization algorithms? Does the system “remember” where the user is in a search? Navigation? T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Filing Principles T. Kanti. Srikantaiah From different sources

Filing Principles (Cont.) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah From different sources T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.) From different sources T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.) Examples of Basic ALA Rules T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: ALA Filing Rules T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: ALA Filing Rules T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: ALA Filing Rules T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.) T. Kanti. Srikantaiah Source: ALA Filing Rules T. Kanti Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.) Source: ALA Filing Rules T. Kanti. Srikantaiah

Filing Principles (Cont.) Source: ALA Filing Rules T. Kanti. Srikantaiah