1. Mass Spectrometry

1. Mass Spectrometry (cont’d) C 6 x H 13 x F 1 x O 1 x C 5 x H 12 x O 3 x C 9 x H 12 x C 8 x H 8 x O 1 x

1. Mass Spectrometry (cont’d) 2 88 = Molecular ion 73 = M (loss of methyl) 70 = M (loss of water) 45 = M (loss of propyl) Loss of water indicates the compound is an alcohol. Alcohols also undergo α- cleavage. Alcohol that can lose methyl and propyl via α -cleavage:

2. Infrared Spectroscopy a. Which signal would be more intense in an IR spectrum, a C-O stretch or a C-N stretch? Why? Intensity of absorption is correlated to change in dipole moment with the vibration (stretch). The C-O bond is more polar and will thus experience a greater change in dipole moment during a stretching vibration, giving a more intense absorption. b. Which would give a stronger C=C stretch in an IR spectrum, 1-butene or 2-butene? Why? Intensity of absorption is correlated to change in dipole moment with the vibration (stretch). The 2-butene is symmetrical and will not experience a change in dipole moment during a stretching vibration. The 1-butene is not symmetrical about the C=C bond, and will this give a small change in dipole during stretching vibration and this the more intense absorption. c. Which would have a higher frequency absorption, an N-H bond or a P-H bond? Why? Absorption frequency is correlated to bond strength and atomic masses. Phosphorus is a larger atom than nitrogen, giving it a larger mass and weaker bonding via 3 rd shell valence orbitals compared to nitrogen’s 2 nd shell valence orbitals. Both of these factors cause the N-H bond to have a higher frequency absorption than the P-H bond.

2. Infrared Spectroscopy (continued) Cyclohexene - Presence of C=C at 1600 cm-1 - Absence of C=O around 1700 cm-1 - Absence of O-H around 3300 cm-1 Cyclohexenol - Presence of O-H at 3300 cm-1 - Absence of C=O around 1700 cm-1 - Absence of C=C around 1600 cm-1 Cyclohexanone - Presence of C=O at 1700 cm-1 - Absence of C=C around 1600 cm-1 - Absence of O-H around 3300 cm-1

3. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

3. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (cont.) This would have the largest molar absorptivity (ε) and thus the most intense absorption

4. NMR Spectroscopy a.If an average carbon requires irradiation at 75 MHz to resonate in a T magnetic field, what frequency will be required to resonate an average carbon in a T magnetic field? ν = γB 0 so doubling the magnetic field doubles the frequency needed to flip the same nucleus, 2πtherefore 150 MHz is needed. b. Use the following molecule to answer the following. Which carbon is furthest downfield?_____d_____ Which carbon is furthest upfield?_____a_____ Which carbon resonates at the highest frequency?_____d_____ Which carbon resonates at the highest chemical shift?_____d_____ Which carbon resonates at the lowest chemical shift?_____a_____ Which carbon is the most shielded?_____a_____ Which carbon is the most deshielded?_____d_____

4. NMR Spectroscopy (cont’d)

4. NMR Spectroscopy