Andrew Askew Nov. 14, 2009

2  The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will very shortly begin to collide protons at the highest laboratory energy in the world. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

3  The LHC cost somewhere between $6-8 billion to construct.  It’s perhaps the most complex machine in human history. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

4  The LHC cost somewhere between $6-8 billion to construct.  It’s perhaps the most complex machine in human history. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

5  The LHC cost somewhere between $6-8 billion to construct.  It’s perhaps the most complex machine in human history. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

6 Just what the heck do we think we’re doing? To answer this, we’ve got to go back to the beginning.

7Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks Just what the heck do we think we’re doing? To answer this, we’ve got to go back to the beginning. BTW: Don’t PANIC! This particular story isn’t that “fair and balanced”

8Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks  “There exists matter and void, and matter is made up of atoms” -- Democritus of Adbera ~400 BCE

9  Some elements (for example, gold) were known even in ancient times.  Chemists soon managed to isolate other elements. This eventually led to… Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks D. Mendeleev

10  Some elements (for example, gold) were known even in ancient times.  The periodic table, credited to Mendeleev. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks D. Mendeleev

11  Some elements (for example, gold) were known even in ancient times.  The periodic table, credited to Mendeleev.  Which lead an interesting revision of Democritus: William Prout hypothesized (circa 1815) that all elements were made up of hydrogen atoms. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks D. Mendeleev

12  What started as a side show: Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks Electron – 1897 J.J Thomson Circa 1859, Physics lecturers would delight in showing audiences an evacuated glass tube with electric leads at each end. When a voltage was applied, light would emerge from the leads and fluoresce against the glass. With a magnet, they could bend these “Cathode rays”

13  What started as a side show: Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks Electron – 1897 J.J Thomson Thomson hypothesized that these were actually some sort of particles. Later experiments proved this out but… Bending the particles in a magnetic field gave a surprising charge/mass ratio! These were MUCH less massive than the hydrogen atom!

14  As a follow up, other experiments were done, using “anode rays”, which just so happened to bend in opposite directions from “cathode rays” (electrons).  These “rays” were actually ionized gases, which meant they had different charge/mass ratios, until one finally came to ionized hydrogen, or the proton.  The neutron came some time later, from the mismatch of charge/mass. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

15  We’ve reached a rather remarkable place here: Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

16  We’ve reached a rather remarkable place here:  Protons, neutrons, electrons, everything is worked out. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

17  We’ve reached a rather remarkable place here:  Protons, neutrons, electrons, everything is worked out.  We can sleep at night now, right? Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

18  We’ve reached a rather remarkable place here:  Protons, neutrons, electrons, everything is worked out.  We can sleep at night now, right?  Right?  … Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

19  HORST TAKES OVER HERE. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

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22  The Higgs is theorized to “break the symmetry” between the W/Z and the . Meaning, explain WHY the  is massless, whereas the W/Z are incredibly massive (80 and 90 times the mass of the proton respectively). Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

23Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks Gee, there seems to be something warping the light here…but there’s no visible mass…almost like some sort of dark…matter…

24  When the numbers are crunched, not only is there dark matter, there is a LOT of dark matter. Actually, in the most technical sense, it’s really “transparent matter”. Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew25 What is the origin of mass? Specifically for W/Z, but in general too… What the heck is dark matter? Can we make it in the lab? Are there still MORE forces out there? Why is gravity so weak? Is there a graviton lurking somewhere?

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew26 The LHC. Glowing gold ring sold separately. As previously mentioned, higher energies drives us to bigger colliders

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew27  One of the multipurpose collider detectors at CERN.  Collide protons with protons at high energy (starting at 3.5 TeV per beam, ultimately 7 TeV per beam), and study what we “see”.

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew28 Slovak Republic CERN France Italy UK Switzerland USA Austria Finland Greece Hungary Belgium Poland Portugal Spain Pakistan Georgia Armenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Cyprus Croatia China, PR Turkey Belarus Estonia India Germany Korea Russia Bulgaria China (Taiwan) Iran Serbia A global collaboration, which includes folks from FSU!

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10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew34 Length 13 m Diameter 5.9 m Field 4 Tesla

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36  So I asked the question earlier: What the heck do we think we’re doing?  We’re asking the questions and searching for the answers just like we’ve been doing since before Democritus. We’ve just done from his atoms, to electrons, to quarks, and now beyond!  The experiments have gotten much larger, but the questions have never been bigger either! Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

37  BACKUPS/SPARE SLIDES Andrew Askew, From Electrons to Quarks

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew38  Physics  SM Physics  Higgs  Supersymmetry  Extra Dimensions  Hardware  Laser-based calibration system for the CMS Hadron Calorimeter  Software  Hadron Calorimeter Prompt Analysis  ECAL/Photon Reconstruction and Analysis  Advanced Analysis Methods

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew39  Study where the Standard Model makes strict predictions and make measurements…  Highly dependent on the energy!

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew40 If there IS a Higgs boson, the LHC will find it!

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10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew42  Brane Worlds  The universe could be a 3-dimensional brane embedded within a higher dimensional space  The challenge is to devise a way to test this hypothesis our universe Graviton (G)

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew43  Service Tasks  Maintenance, calibration, detector studies  Data taking shifts, either global or detector  Work on detector upgrade  Learn the Ropes  Understand detector, algorithms and analysis tools  Choose physics topic for dissertation and learn about it  The End Game  Write internal notes  Present your results at conferences  Write dissertation and defend it  Publish results  Look for a Job!

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew44 Opportunities abound: Most CMS students will spend at least SOME time at CERN. Potentially students can be sent to Fermilab as well (access to computing and experts, and in the next timezone…)

10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew45  2010 and Beyond  The LHC will increase greatly our ability to address some of the Basic Questions. First data should begin to appear VERY soon (beam around Nov. 16 th ?).  This is THE PLACE for the energy frontier, and breaking the tyrannical grip of the Standard Model.  The FSU HEP Group offers many opportunities to play a role in shaping the future of physics. Drop by for a chat!

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10/16/0 9 Andrew Askew47  Determine the properties of the collision through signals from the detector.  Sounds simple, right? Detective work: was it new physics, or just something that LOOKS like new physics?